Anemia is common in cancer patients. The pathophysiology is multifactorial, however the most common cause is the anemia of chronic diseases (ACD). In 20-50% of cancer patients, anemia restricts physical activity and quality of life and requires transfusion support. The percentage of patients necessitating transfusion dramatically increases when patients require surgery. The traditional belief that blood transfusion is an effective and safe therapy has been challenged by a heightened awareness of the infectious and immunologic risks associated with allogeneic blood administration. In cancer patients transfusion-induced immunomodulation may have the potential to significantly increase postoperative infections and cancer recurrence so that it seems reasonable to minimize allogeneic blood exposure. Several strategies have been adopted to reduce allogeneic transfusion in surgical patients, however to properly select the appropriate blood conservation strategies the blood transfusion requirements for each patient should be defined. Allogeneic blood transfusion in surgery can be reduced by the introduction of autologous blood (AB) programmes and by the use of rHuEPO, alone or in association with AB techniques. AB donation is currently a standard of care for elective surgical patients but its efficacy is limited by anemia that prevents the donation of the optimal number of AB units. rHuEPO has been shown to significantly increase the volume of AB that anemic patients can predeposit or, used perisurgically, to expand the circulating RBCs mass before surgery. Moreover clinical trials employed rHuEPO in anemic cancer patients with various solid tumors both on and off chemotherapy reporting a significantly increase in Hct in more than 50% of the treated patients. Recently different studies have shown the efficacy of rHuEPO in increasing the volume of AB also in patients with ACD and cancer, thus proving to be a useful addition to existing strategies of blood conservation to minimize exposure to allogeneic blood in surgical cancer patients.