The main aim of a national public health service is to conserve and improve the population's health. The health service reforms introduced in 1992 proposed the establishment of a Public Health Commission, which was to be responsible for health monitoring, public health policy advice and the purchase of public health services. These reforms, implemented in 1993, while emphasising a purchaser-provider separation also earmarked a budget for public health activities to be administered by the Commission. Such protection of funding is unusual. Public health activities span a wide range of measures to protect and promote health as well as to prevent disease. Many of these measures have been, and will continue to be, carried out at a local level. The results of some of these measures are not usually seen in the short term. Improvement of the population's health also requires proactive measures which are outside the traditional health service. The demonstration of quantifiable benefits to the public's health from such measures may require an even longer term. It is mainly in this area of activity, however, that the achievements of the Commission will be judged. Beginning with a short summary of the history of public health services in New Zealand, this paper looks briefly at the events that led to the establishment of the Public Health Commission, before moving on to describe its achievements to date, the challenges it faces and its impact on public health service provision. Based on such observations and an analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of the Commission, the paper attempts an appraisal of the public health function in the reformed health service, a function that will almost certainly be observed with interest in other countries. Certain ways of improving the public health function are outlined in the conclusions.