Buprenorphine, which is used in France as a substitution drug for opioid addiction, is widely abused, and several fatal cases have been reported. In order to confirm a recent intoxication or to establish retrospectively chronic abuse, a simple and reliable gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method was developed and validated for quantitation of buprenorphine and its active metabolite norbuprenorphine in urine and hair. Two milliliters of urine or 50 mg of pulverized hair was submitted to a pretreatment (enzymatic hydrolysis for urine and decontamination with dichloromethane followed by incubation in 0.1 M HCI for hair). Buprenorphine-d4 was chosen as the internal standard. Selective solid-phase extraction with Bond Elut Certify columns provided recoveries higher than 85% for urine and 43% for hair. By using a mixture of MSTFA/TMSIM/TMCS (100:2:5), buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine produced stable silylated derivatives. The detection was carried out with a quadrupole mass detector working in El selected ion monitoring mode. Ions at m/z 450 and 468 were chosen for the quantitation of buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine, respectively (m/z 454 was used for the internal standard). Limits of quantitation were 0.25 and 0.20 ng/mL, respectively, for buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine in urine and 0.005 ng/mg for the two compounds in hair. Calibration curves were linear from 0 to 50 ng/mL in urine and from 0 to 0.4 ng/mg in hair. Between-day and within-day precisions were less than 8.4% in hair and 6.1% in urine for both molecules in all cases. This method was applied to urine and hair samples collected from patients in a withdrawal treatment program and demonstrated its good applicability in routine analysis and its benefit for clinicians. This technique, which requires instruments already available to many toxicology laboratories, offers an attractive alternative to more sophisticated techniques.