BACKGROUND Repeated psychostimulant treatment has been shown to sensitize the locomotor activity of young rats, but there is conflicting evidence suggesting that this sensitized response will persist across only a few drug abstinence days. OBJECTIVE The purpose of the present study was to determine whether: (a) young rats are capable of expressing a sensitized locomotor response after an extended drug abstinence period, and (b) the longevity of the sensitized response is critically affected by either the number of drug pretreatment days or environmental conditioning factors. METHODS Young rats were pretreated with saline or cocaine (15 mg/kg or 30 mg/kg, i.p.) for either five or ten consecutive days [i.e., on postnatal days (PD) 16-20 or PD 11-20]. After each daily injection, rats were placed in activity chambers, and locomotion was measured for 30 min. To assess environmental conditioning factors, some rats were injected with saline prior to being placed in the activity chambers and then injected with cocaine prior to being returned to the home cage. After one or seven abstinence days (i.e., on PD 22 or PD 28), rats received a challenge injection of saline or cocaine (15 mg/kg) in the activity chamber and locomotion was assessed. RESULTS Young rats exhibit cocaine-induced locomotor sensitization after either a short (1-day) or long (7-day) drug abstinence period. When a long abstinence period was used, locomotor sensitization was only apparent when cocaine pretreatment lasted for 10 days. Conditioning factors were also important for determining whether locomotor sensitization was expressed, because young rats pretreated with cocaine in the home cage did not show a sensitized locomotor response after seven abstinence days. CONCLUSIONS Young rats are capable of showing cocaine-induced locomotor sensitization after an extended abstinence period. Both the number of drug pretreatment days and the environmental context in which cocaine was given (i.e., the activity chamber or home cage) influenced the longevity of cocaine-induced locomotor sensitization.