The approaches to the problems of primary diagnostics of the hereditary hematoglobinopathias caused by unbalanced synthesis of alpha and beta chains, as well as modern state of screening of hereditary thalassemic hematoglobinopathias are considered. The result of the available information analysis takes into account numerous peculiarities of this problem, including economic ones. Experience of an estimation of the displays of unbalanced synthesis of globin chains concerning the morphology of red blood cells is presented in the generalized form. The latter is a very important for preliminary diagnostics the hematoglobinopathias because, for the first, it may be realized at primary units of public health system service, for the second, it allows to narrow to an acceptable level the group of persons whose blood requires more complex and expensive researches.