BACKGROUND The paper briefly reviews current knowledge on learning and memory processes, considered at the behavioral, cognitive and neural levels. METHODS After establishing the distinction between different learning processes (behavioral learning, skill acquisition and information acquisition processes), the specific learning phenomena belonging to each of these varieties are analyzed. Associative learning is described as a behavioral (pavlovian conditioning and instrumental learning) and cognitive (predictive learning and categorization) process. Also described are the properties of perceptual and motor learning, as those of the processes by which cognitive skills (e.g., rule learning) are acquired. Then, the distinction between short-term and long-term memory is discussed, referring to short-term memory as a working memory system that assists the performance of a variety of thinking and reasoning tasks. Finally, the two main long-term memory theories are discussed, considering the semantic/episodic and implicit/explicit memory dichotomies.