The purpose of this article is the consideration of the relation between the thoughts on hygiene and ideas of doctor training in the early Meiji era. There were two types of ideas on doctor training. One was the idea that a doctor should be a technocrat concerned with the health care of the people. Another was the idea that acknowledged the doctor's right to a paid practice. These two ideas were affected by the thoughts on health care for the people. The point of discussion is the clarification of the characteristics of the two types of ideas above mentioned.