-transparent.png){kind=logo}
OBJECTIVE To measure the changes in astigmatism and in the degree of anisometropia when ametropes respond to accommodative stimulation. METHODS The accommodative responses of ametropes were binocularly measured with an improved photorefractometer (PR-1100), which objectively measured binocular refraction in all meridians simultaneously, when a visual fixation target was shown in natural space at 5 and 0.5 m. RESULTS (1) Changes of astigmatism and anisometropia occur during binocular accommodation. (2) Changes of astigmatism mainly result from lag of accommodation in the horizontal meridian. (3) Changes of anisometropia result from the effort to focus. (4) The interaction of both eyes is suggested as the cause of the changes of astigmatism and anisometropia with accommodation. (5) In the majority of strong anisometropes (nonoverlapping group in this paper), the magnitude of anisometropia decreases (approaching isometropia) with accommodation. CONCLUSIONS Changes in astigmatism and anisometropia can occur during accommodation, and these interactions of both eyes with accommodation may contribute to the development and maintenance of binocular function.
M Tsukamoto, and
T Nakajima, and
J Nishino, and
Y Hara, and
H Uozato, and
M Saishin
April 1985,
Acta ophthalmologica,
M Tsukamoto, and
T Nakajima, and
J Nishino, and
Y Hara, and
H Uozato, and
M Saishin
June 1953,
The British journal of physiological optics,
M Tsukamoto, and
T Nakajima, and
J Nishino, and
Y Hara, and
H Uozato, and
M Saishin
September 1950,
Archivos de la Sociedad Oftalmologica Hispano-Americana,
M Tsukamoto, and
T Nakajima, and
J Nishino, and
Y Hara, and
H Uozato, and
M Saishin
October 1973,
Applied optics,
M Tsukamoto, and
T Nakajima, and
J Nishino, and
Y Hara, and
H Uozato, and
M Saishin
January 1977,
Oftalmologicheskii zhurnal,
M Tsukamoto, and
T Nakajima, and
J Nishino, and
Y Hara, and
H Uozato, and
M Saishin
April 1992,
Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry,
M Tsukamoto, and
T Nakajima, and
J Nishino, and
Y Hara, and
H Uozato, and
M Saishin
August 2021,
Journal of vision,
M Tsukamoto, and
T Nakajima, and
J Nishino, and
Y Hara, and
H Uozato, and
M Saishin
January 2021,
PeerJ,
M Tsukamoto, and
T Nakajima, and
J Nishino, and
Y Hara, and
H Uozato, and
M Saishin
January 1976,
Vision research,
M Tsukamoto, and
T Nakajima, and
J Nishino, and
Y Hara, and
H Uozato, and
M Saishin
January 1978,
Vision research,
