Biomaterial Database

DNA shuffling and family shuffling for in vitro gene evolution. 2002

Miho Kikuchi, and Shigeaki Harayama

Marine Biotechnology Institute, Kamaishi Laboratories, Iwate, Japan.

UI	MeSH Term	Description	Entries
D007202	Indicators and Reagents	Substances used for the detection, identification, analysis, etc. of chemical, biological, or pathologic processes or conditions. Indicators are substances that change in physical appearance, e.g., color, at or approaching the endpoint of a chemical titration, e.g., on the passage between acidity and alkalinity. Reagents are substances used for the detection or determination of another substance by chemical or microscopical means, especially analysis. Types of reagents are precipitants, solvents, oxidizers, reducers, fluxes, and colorimetric reagents. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed, p301, p499)	Indicator,Reagent,Reagents,Indicators,Reagents and Indicators
D003850	Deoxyribonuclease I	An enzyme capable of hydrolyzing highly polymerized DNA by splitting phosphodiester linkages, preferentially adjacent to a pyrimidine nucleotide. This catalyzes endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA yielding 5'-phosphodi- and oligonucleotide end-products. The enzyme has a preference for double-stranded DNA.	DNase I,Streptodornase,DNA Endonuclease,DNA Nicking Enzyme,DNAase I,Dornavac,Endonuclease I,Nickase,Pancreatic DNase,T4-Endonuclease II,T7-Endonuclease I,Thymonuclease,DNase, Pancreatic,Endonuclease, DNA,T4 Endonuclease II,T7 Endonuclease I
D004247	DNA	A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).	DNA, Double-Stranded,Deoxyribonucleic Acid,ds-DNA,DNA, Double Stranded,Double-Stranded DNA,ds DNA
D004275	DNA, Ribosomal	DNA sequences encoding RIBOSOMAL RNA and the segments of DNA separating the individual ribosomal RNA genes, referred to as RIBOSOMAL SPACER DNA.	Ribosomal DNA,rDNA
D004277	DNA, Single-Stranded	A single chain of deoxyribonucleotides that occurs in some bacteria and viruses. It usually exists as a covalently closed circle.	Single-Stranded DNA,DNA, Single Stranded,Single Stranded DNA
D004798	Enzymes	Biological molecules that possess catalytic activity. They may occur naturally or be synthetically created. Enzymes are usually proteins, however CATALYTIC RNA and CATALYTIC DNA molecules have also been identified.	Biocatalyst,Enzyme,Biocatalysts
D016133	Polymerase Chain Reaction	In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.	Anchored PCR,Inverse PCR,Nested PCR,PCR,Anchored Polymerase Chain Reaction,Inverse Polymerase Chain Reaction,Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction,PCR, Anchored,PCR, Inverse,PCR, Nested,Polymerase Chain Reactions,Reaction, Polymerase Chain,Reactions, Polymerase Chain
D017931	DNA Primers	Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.	DNA Primer,Oligodeoxyribonucleotide Primer,Oligodeoxyribonucleotide Primers,Oligonucleotide Primer,Oligonucleotide Primers,Primer, DNA,Primer, Oligodeoxyribonucleotide,Primer, Oligonucleotide,Primers, DNA,Primers, Oligodeoxyribonucleotide,Primers, Oligonucleotide
D019020	Directed Molecular Evolution	The techniques used to produce molecules exhibiting properties that conform to the demands of the experimenter. These techniques combine methods of generating structural changes with methods of selection. They are also used to examine proposed mechanisms of evolution under in vitro selection conditions.	Evolution, Molecular, Directed,Molecular Evolution, Directed,In Vitro Molecular Evolution,Laboratory Molecular Evolution,Directed Molecular Evolutions,Evolution, Directed Molecular,Evolution, Laboratory Molecular,Evolutions, Directed Molecular,Evolutions, Laboratory Molecular,Laboratory Molecular Evolutions,Molecular Evolution, Laboratory,Molecular Evolutions, Directed,Molecular Evolutions, Laboratory
D021141	Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques	Laboratory techniques that involve the in-vitro synthesis of many copies of DNA or RNA from one original template.	DNA Amplification Technic,DNA Amplification Technique,DNA Amplification Techniques,Nucleic Acid Amplification Technic,Nucleic Acid Amplification Technique,RNA Amplification Technic,RNA Amplification Technique,RNA Amplification Techniques,Amplification Technics, Nucleic Acid,Amplification Techniques, Nucleic Acid,DNA Amplification Technics,Nucleic Acid Amplification Technics,Nucleic Acid Amplification Test,Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests,RNA Amplification Technics,Technics, Nucleic Acid Amplification,Techniques, Nucleic Acid Amplification,Amplification Technic, DNA,Amplification Technic, RNA,Amplification Technics, DNA,Amplification Technics, RNA,Amplification Technique, DNA,Amplification Technique, RNA,Amplification Techniques, DNA,Amplification Techniques, RNA,Technic, DNA Amplification,Technic, RNA Amplification,Technics, DNA Amplification,Technics, RNA Amplification,Technique, DNA Amplification,Technique, RNA Amplification,Techniques, DNA Amplification,Techniques, RNA Amplification