OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate anosognosia for hemiplegia (AHP) in the rehabilitation phase after onset of stroke. METHODS Forty-six hemiplegic stroke patients, 29 with right hemisphere damage (RHD) and 17 with left hemisphere damage (LHD) were evaluated approximately 1 month after onset of stroke. Anosognosia was evaluated with an implicit measure designed to assess anosognosic behaviors (choosing between unimanual and bimanual tasks), in addition to a traditional explicit verbal measure. RESULTS AHP was found in 28% of the RHD and 24% of the LHD group. The majority of patients with AHP in the RHD group had large lesions involving the frontal, parietal, or temporal lobes and had coexisting sensory deficits and unilateral spatial neglect, whereas the LHD patients with AHP had predominantly small subcortical lesions and no sensory or attentional deficits. The functional outcomes of AHP patients in both hemisphere groups revealed their inability to retain safety measures at discharge from rehabilitation (p < 0.036) and their need for assistance in basic and instrumental activities of daily living at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS AHP presents a significant risk for negative functional outcome in stroke rehabilitation. The underlying mechanisms of AHP may be different for left and right hemisphere patients, therefore requiring different intervention approaches.