The results from the 195 performed fibroesophagoscopies and 114 purposeful biopsies in different esophgus diseases are reported. In 65 of the examined -- cancer of the esophagus or cardia ventriculi was establised. The rest 122 patients are with non-malignant disease -- ulcers, polyps, diverticulums, varices, strictures, esophagitis, cardiospasm, etc. Cancer of esophagus and cardia ventriculi is proved in 93.93 per cent on the base of endoscopic data while another diagnosis was given in 29.30 per cent at the X-ray examinations of the same patients and at the clinical examinations of the patients in 40.1 per cent -- diagnostic errors were made. The purposeful biopsy gives 70.58 per cent of positive results and enables the differentiation of the tumor histological characterisitics.