Bluetongue (BT) exists around the world in a broad band covering much of the Americas, Africa, southern Asia, northern Australia and, occasionally, the southern fringe of Europe. It is considered to be one of the most important diseases of domestic livestock. Recently the virus causing this disease has extended its range northwards into areas of Europe never before affected and has persisted in many of these locations causing the greatest epizootic of the disease on record. The reasons for this dramatic change in BT epidemiology are complex but are linked to recent extensions in the distribution of its major vector, Culicoidesimicola, to the involvement of novel Culicoides vector(s) and to an apparent ability of the virus to overwinter in the absence of adult vectors. In addition, the effects of these changes have been exacerbated by problems in control, particularly in relation to vaccination. This paper explores these areas and highlights prospects for the future.