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Neurochemical organization of the first visual synapse. 2002

Noga Vardi, and Anuradha Dhingra, and Lingli Zhang, and Arkady Lyubarsky, and Tian Li Wang, and Katsuko Morigiwa
Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, USA. noga@retina.anatomy.upenn.edu

The retina employs two main synaptic relays in which information converges to higher order cells, and at the same time is modified by lateral inhibitory interneurons. At the first synaptic layer, rod and cone terminals contact second order neurons (horizontal and bipolar cells), and in turn, horizontal cells contact cones and bipolar cells. In this talk/review we describe the structures and the neurochemicals involved in transmitting the visual signal at this synaptic complex.

UI MeSH Term Description Entries
D012160 Retina The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the OPTIC NERVE and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the CHOROID and the inner surface with the VITREOUS BODY. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. Ora Serrata
D000096922 K Cl- Cotransporters A subclass of symporters that specifically transport POTASSIUM and CHLORIDE ions across cellular membranes. Potassium chloride cotransporters play roles in regulating cell volume and intracellular chloride concentration. Electroneutral Potassium-Chloride Co-transporter 3,Electroneutral Potassium-Chloride Cotransporter 3,K Cl- Co-transporters,K(+), Cl(-)-Co-transporters,K(+), Cl(-)-Cotransporters,K-Cl Co-transporter,K-Cl Co-transporter 3,K-Cl Cotransporter,K-Cl Cotransporter 3,KCC2 Co-transporter,KCC2 Cotransporter,KCC3 Co-transporter,KCC3 Cotransporter,KCC4 Co-transporter,KCC4 Cotransporter,Potassium-Chloride Co-transporter 2,Potassium-Chloride Co-transporter 4,Potassium-Chloride Co-transporters,Potassium-Chloride Cotransporter 2,Potassium-Chloride Cotransporter 4,Potassium-Chloride Cotransporters,Potassium-Chloride Symporters,SLC12A5 Protein,SLC12A6 Protein,SLC12A7 Protein,Solute Carrier Family 12 Member 5,Solute Carrier Family 12 Member 6,Solute carrier family 12 member 7,Cl- Co-transporters, K,Co-transporter 2, Potassium-Chloride,Co-transporter 3, K-Cl,Co-transporter 4, Potassium-Chloride,Co-transporter, K-Cl,Co-transporter, KCC2,Co-transporter, KCC3,Co-transporter, KCC4,Co-transporters, K Cl-,Co-transporters, Potassium-Chloride,Cotransporter, K-Cl,Cotransporter, KCC2,Cotransporter, KCC3,Cotransporter, KCC4,Cotransporters, K Cl-,Cotransporters, Potassium-Chloride,Electroneutral Potassium Chloride Co transporter 3,Electroneutral Potassium Chloride Cotransporter 3,K Cl Co transporter,K Cl Co transporter 3,K Cl Co transporters,K Cl Cotransporter,K Cl Cotransporter 3,K Cl Cotransporters,KCC2 Co transporter,KCC3 Co transporter,KCC4 Co transporter,Potassium Chloride Co transporter 2,Potassium Chloride Co transporter 4,Potassium Chloride Co transporters,Potassium Chloride Cotransporter 2,Potassium Chloride Cotransporter 4,Potassium Chloride Cotransporters,Potassium Chloride Symporters,Protein, SLC12A5,Protein, SLC12A6,Protein, SLC12A7
D000818 Animals Unicellular or multicellular, heterotrophic organisms, that have sensation and the power of voluntary movement. Under the older five kingdom paradigm, Animalia was one of the kingdoms. Under the modern three domain model, Animalia represents one of the many groups in the domain EUKARYOTA. Animal,Metazoa,Animalia
D013569 Synapses Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate via direct electrical coupling with ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES. Several other non-synaptic chemical or electric signal transmitting processes occur via extracellular mediated interactions. Synapse
D018094 Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate Cell surface proteins that bind glutamate and act through G-proteins to influence second messenger systems. Several types of metabotropic glutamate receptors have been cloned. They differ in pharmacology, distribution, and mechanisms of action. Glutamate Receptors, Metabotropic,Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors,Receptors, Glutamate, Metabotropic,Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor,Glutamate Receptor, Metabotropic,Receptor, Metabotropic Glutamate
D027981 Symporters Membrane transporters that co-transport two or more dissimilar molecules in the same direction across a membrane. Usually the transport of one ion or molecule is against its electrochemical gradient and is "powered" by the movement of another ion or molecule with its electrochemical gradient. Co-Transporter,Co-Transporters,Symporter,Co Transporter,Co Transporters
D028021 Sodium-Potassium-Chloride Symporters A subclass of symporters that specifically transport SODIUM; POTASSIUM and CHLORIDE ions across cellular membranes in a tightly coupled electroneutrality process. NKCC Proteins,NKCCs,Sodium-Potassium-Chloride Cotransporters,Na(+), K(+), Cl(-)-Cotransporter,Na-K-Cl-Symporter,Na-K-Cl-Transporter,NaCl-KCl Cotransporter,NaK2Cl Symporter,Sodium, Potassium, Chloride-Cotransporter,Sodium-Potassium-Chloride Cotransporter,Cotransporter, NaCl-KCl,Cotransporter, Sodium-Potassium-Chloride,Na K Cl Symporter,Na K Cl Transporter,NaCl KCl Cotransporter,Sodium Potassium Chloride Cotransporter,Sodium Potassium Chloride Cotransporters,Sodium Potassium Chloride Symporters,Symporter, NaK2Cl
D064506 Solute Carrier Family 12, Member 2 Na-K-Cl transporter ubiquitously expressed. It plays a key role in salt secretion in epithelial cells and cell volume regulation in nonepithelial cells. BSC2 Protein,BSC2 Transport Protein,Bumetanide-Sensitive Cotransporter 2,Bumetanide-Sensitive Sodium Potassium Chloride Cotransporter 2,NKCC1 Cotransporter,NKCC1 Protein,NKCC1 Transport Protein,SLC12A2 Cotransporter,SLC12A2 Protein,SLC12A2 Transporter,Sodium-Potassium-Chloride Cotransporter 1 Protein,Solute Carrier Family 12 (Sodium Potassium Chloride Transporters), Member 2,Bumetanide Sensitive Cotransporter 2,Bumetanide Sensitive Sodium Potassium Chloride Cotransporter 2,Cotransporter 2, Bumetanide-Sensitive,Cotransporter, NKCC1,Cotransporter, SLC12A2,Protein, BSC2,Protein, BSC2 Transport,Protein, NKCC1,Protein, NKCC1 Transport,Protein, SLC12A2,Sodium Potassium Chloride Cotransporter 1 Protein,Transport Protein, BSC2,Transport Protein, NKCC1,Transporter, SLC12A2

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