The urgent need for improving the reproductive performance of buffalo necessitates a better understanding of the mechanisms controlling ovarian follicular growth and development. Attention needs to be focused on improving superovulation responses and conception rates, and reducing the variability in ovulation rate and embryo loss. Application of ultrasonic imaging has revealed that follicular turnover during an unstimulated oestrous cycle occurs in waves, with each wave involving synchronous development of a group of follicles, one dominant and several subordinate follicles. There is a predominance of two waves with the first wave beginning around Day 0 (day of ovulation) and the second wave around Day 9 or 10. Primary reasons for a lower superovulation response in buffalo compared with that in cattle is a lower number of primordial and antral follicles, a slower shift from small to large follicles during superovulation, a higher incidence of deep atresia and inability of several large follicles to ovulate, especially when superovulation is induced by equine chorionic gonadotrophin treatment. There is near complete lack of information in Bubalus bubalis on the factors controlling the selection of the dominant follicle, the period of functional dominance and the effects of environmental factors, such as climate and nutrition, on follicular dynamics.