Biomaterial Database

Nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species in Parkinson's disease. 2003

Kim Tieu, and Harry Ischiropoulos, and Serge Przedborski

Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.

Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder of unknown pathogenesis. Oxidative stress has been proposed as one of several pathogenic hypotheses. Evidence for the participation of oxidative processes in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease have been obtained in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) model by the use of genetically altered mice. MPTP administration has been shown to increase levels of superoxide both intracellularly, via the inhibition of mitochondrial respiration and other mechanisms and extracellularly, via the activation of NADPH-oxidase in microglia. In addition to superoxide, nitric oxide production by nNOS or by microglial iNOS also contributes to the MPTP neurotoxocity. Mice with endowed defences against superoxide or with deficiency in the nNOS and iNOS are protected from MPTP toxicity suggesting that formation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates both intracellularly and extracellularly contributes to the demise of dopaminergic neurons. Similar contribution of reactive nitrogen and oxygen species may well underlie the neurodegenerative processes in Parkinson's disease.

UI	MeSH Term	Description	Entries
D009569	Nitric Oxide	A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells, synthesized from ARGININE by NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE. Nitric oxide is one of the ENDOTHELIUM-DEPENDENT RELAXING FACTORS released by the vascular endothelium and mediates VASODILATION. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic GUANYLATE CYCLASE and thus elevates intracellular levels of CYCLIC GMP.	Endogenous Nitrate Vasodilator,Mononitrogen Monoxide,Nitric Oxide, Endothelium-Derived,Nitrogen Monoxide,Endothelium-Derived Nitric Oxide,Monoxide, Mononitrogen,Monoxide, Nitrogen,Nitrate Vasodilator, Endogenous,Nitric Oxide, Endothelium Derived,Oxide, Nitric,Vasodilator, Endogenous Nitrate
D010300	Parkinson Disease	A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)	Idiopathic Parkinson Disease,Lewy Body Parkinson Disease,Paralysis Agitans,Primary Parkinsonism,Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease,Lewy Body Parkinson's Disease,Parkinson Disease, Idiopathic,Parkinson's Disease,Parkinson's Disease, Idiopathic,Parkinson's Disease, Lewy Body,Parkinsonism, Primary
D006801	Humans	Members of the species Homo sapiens.	Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man
D000818	Animals	Unicellular or multicellular, heterotrophic organisms, that have sensation and the power of voluntary movement. Under the older five kingdom paradigm, Animalia was one of the kingdoms. Under the modern three domain model, Animalia represents one of the many groups in the domain EUKARYOTA.	Animal,Metazoa,Animalia
D015632	1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine	A dopaminergic neurotoxic compound which produces irreversible clinical, chemical, and pathological alterations that mimic those found in Parkinson disease.	MPTP,N-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
D017382	Reactive Oxygen Species	Molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen. These reactive oxygen intermediates include SINGLET OXYGEN; SUPEROXIDES; PEROXIDES; HYDROXYL RADICAL; and HYPOCHLOROUS ACID. They contribute to the microbicidal activity of PHAGOCYTES, regulation of SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION and GENE EXPRESSION, and the oxidative damage to NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS.	Active Oxygen Species,Oxygen Radical,Oxygen Radicals,Pro-Oxidant,Reactive Oxygen Intermediates,Active Oxygen,Oxygen Species, Reactive,Pro-Oxidants,Oxygen, Active,Pro Oxidant,Pro Oxidants,Radical, Oxygen
D051379	Mice	The common name for the genus Mus.	Mice, House,Mus,Mus musculus,Mice, Laboratory,Mouse,Mouse, House,Mouse, Laboratory,Mouse, Swiss,Mus domesticus,Mus musculus domesticus,Swiss Mice,House Mice,House Mouse,Laboratory Mice,Laboratory Mouse,Mice, Swiss,Swiss Mouse,domesticus, Mus musculus
D019001	Nitric Oxide Synthase	An NADPH-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-ARGININE and OXYGEN to produce CITRULLINE and NITRIC OXIDE.	NO Synthase,Nitric-Oxide Synthase,Nitric-Oxide Synthetase,Nitric Oxide Synthetase,Oxide Synthase, Nitric,Synthase, Nitric Oxide
D020734	Parkinsonian Disorders	A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.	Autosomal Recessive Juvenile Parkinsonism,Familial Juvenile Parkinsonism,Parkinsonian Syndrome,Parkinsonism,Parkinsonism, Experimental,Parkinsonism, Juvenile,Ramsay Hunt Paralysis Syndrome,Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease,Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinsonism,Autosomal Dominant Parkinsonism,Autosomal Recessive Juvenile Parkinson Disease,Autosomal Recessive Parkinsonism,Chromosome 6-Linked Autosomal Recessive Parkinsonism,Experimental Parkinson Disease,Experimental Parkinsonism,Experimental Parkinsonism, MPTP-Induced,Familial Parkinson Disease, Autosomal Recessive,Juvenile Parkinson Disease,Juvenile Parkinson Disease, Autosomal Dominant,Juvenile Parkinson Disease, Autosomal Recessive,Juvenile Parkinsonism, Autosomal Dominant,Juvenile Parkinsonism, Autosomal Recessive,MPTP-Induced Experimental Parkinsonism,Parkinson Disease 2,Parkinson Disease 2, Autosomal Recessive Juvenile,Parkinson Disease Autosomal Recessive, Early Onset,Parkinson Disease, Autosomal Dominant. Juvenile,Parkinson Disease, Experimental,Parkinson Disease, Familial, Autosomal Recessive,Parkinson Disease, Juvenile,Parkinson Disease, Juvenile, Autosomal Dominant,Parkinson Disease, Juvenile, Autosomal Recessive,Parkinsonian Diseases,Parkinsonian Syndromes,Parkinsonism, Early Onset, with Diurnal Fluctuation,Parkinsonism, Early-Onset, With Diurnal Fluctuation,Parkinsonism, Juvenile, Autosomal Dominant,Parkinsonism, Juvenile, Autosomal Recessive,Chromosome 6 Linked Autosomal Recessive Parkinsonism,Diseases, Experimental Parkinson,Dominant Parkinsonism, Autosomal,Experimental Parkinson Diseases,Experimental Parkinsonism, MPTP Induced,Experimental Parkinsonisms,Juvenile Parkinsonism,Juvenile Parkinsonism, Familial,Juvenile Parkinsonisms,MPTP Induced Experimental Parkinsonism,Parkinson Diseases, Experimental,Parkinsonism, Autosomal Dominant,Parkinsonism, Autosomal Recessive,Parkinsonism, Familial Juvenile,Parkinsonism, MPTP-Induced Experimental,Parkinsonisms, Experimental,Parkinsonisms, Juvenile,Recessive Parkinsonism, Autosomal