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All-trans retinoic acid (RA) has previously been shown to modulate the transcriptional properties of the retinoic acid receptor (RAR) and retinoid X receptor (RXR). The inability of all-trans RA to bind to RXR suggests that it may be metabolized to a more active high affinity ligand. We report here an experimental approach that has identified 9-cis RA as an RXR ligand. It is up to 40-fold more potent than all-trans RA in transfection assays and binds with high affinity. The production of 9-cis RA in cultured cells and the identification of this molecule in liver and kidney demonstrates the existence of this molecule in living organisms. The discovery of this novel hormone points to the key role retinoid metabolism may have in generating new signaling pathways.
R A Heyman, and
D J Mangelsdorf, and
J A Dyck, and
R B Stein, and
G Eichele, and
R M Evans, and
C Thaller
December 2006,
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R A Heyman, and
D J Mangelsdorf, and
J A Dyck, and
R B Stein, and
G Eichele, and
R M Evans, and
C Thaller
April 1994,
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R A Heyman, and
D J Mangelsdorf, and
J A Dyck, and
R B Stein, and
G Eichele, and
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C Thaller
October 1995,
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R A Heyman, and
D J Mangelsdorf, and
J A Dyck, and
R B Stein, and
G Eichele, and
R M Evans, and
C Thaller
August 1992,
Nature,
R A Heyman, and
D J Mangelsdorf, and
J A Dyck, and
R B Stein, and
G Eichele, and
R M Evans, and
C Thaller
May 2005,
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R A Heyman, and
D J Mangelsdorf, and
J A Dyck, and
R B Stein, and
G Eichele, and
R M Evans, and
C Thaller
July 1994,
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R A Heyman, and
D J Mangelsdorf, and
J A Dyck, and
R B Stein, and
G Eichele, and
R M Evans, and
C Thaller
October 1995,
Molecular and cellular biology,
R A Heyman, and
D J Mangelsdorf, and
J A Dyck, and
R B Stein, and
G Eichele, and
R M Evans, and
C Thaller
March 2013,
Molecular and biochemical parasitology,
R A Heyman, and
D J Mangelsdorf, and
J A Dyck, and
R B Stein, and
G Eichele, and
R M Evans, and
C Thaller
December 2008,
Biochemical and biophysical research communications,
R A Heyman, and
D J Mangelsdorf, and
J A Dyck, and
R B Stein, and
G Eichele, and
R M Evans, and
C Thaller
May 1999,
Biochemistry,
