Biomaterial Database

Signal transduction pathways in keratinocytes. 1992

T Rosenbach, and B M Czarnetzki

Dept. of Dermatology, UKRV, FU Berlin, Germany.

Mammalian cells do not live as isolated organisms, but are instead organized into complex, highly specialized tissue organs composed of a homogeneous or a mixed cell population. In order to maintain tissue homeostasis in physiological and pathophysiological conditions, intercellular communication is an absolute requirement. This review will summarize our current knowledge as to how an extracellular signal is transduced via a specific receptor to the interior of the cell and how this signal will induce special cell functions. Attention will be paid to the major signal transduction pathways known to be active in keratinocytes, namely the adenylate cyclase, guanylate cyclase, tyrosine kinase, and phospholipase C systems. Finally, examples will be given of how interactions between these signal transduction pathways can take place and how 'signal cross-talk' might regulate keratinocyte function.

UI	MeSH Term	Description	Entries
D010738	Type C Phospholipases	A subclass of phospholipases that hydrolyze the phosphoester bond found in the third position of GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS. Although the singular term phospholipase C specifically refers to an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE (EC 3.1.4.3), it is commonly used in the literature to refer to broad variety of enzymes that specifically catalyze the hydrolysis of PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOLS.	Lecithinase C,Phospholipase C,Phospholipases, Type C,Phospholipases C
D011505	Protein-Tyrosine Kinases	Protein kinases that catalyze the PHOSPHORYLATION of TYROSINE residues in proteins with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.	Tyrosine Protein Kinase,Tyrosine-Specific Protein Kinase,Protein-Tyrosine Kinase,Tyrosine Kinase,Tyrosine Protein Kinases,Tyrosine-Specific Protein Kinases,Tyrosylprotein Kinase,Kinase, Protein-Tyrosine,Kinase, Tyrosine,Kinase, Tyrosine Protein,Kinase, Tyrosine-Specific Protein,Kinase, Tyrosylprotein,Kinases, Protein-Tyrosine,Kinases, Tyrosine Protein,Kinases, Tyrosine-Specific Protein,Protein Kinase, Tyrosine-Specific,Protein Kinases, Tyrosine,Protein Kinases, Tyrosine-Specific,Protein Tyrosine Kinase,Protein Tyrosine Kinases,Tyrosine Specific Protein Kinase,Tyrosine Specific Protein Kinases
D006162	Guanylate Cyclase	An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2.	Guanyl Cyclase,Deoxyguanylate Cyclase,Guanylyl Cyclase,Inosinate Cyclase,Cyclase, Deoxyguanylate,Cyclase, Guanyl,Cyclase, Guanylate,Cyclase, Guanylyl,Cyclase, Inosinate
D006801	Humans	Members of the species Homo sapiens.	Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man
D000262	Adenylyl Cyclases	Enzymes of the lyase class that catalyze the formation of CYCLIC AMP and pyrophosphate from ATP.	Adenyl Cyclase,Adenylate Cyclase,3',5'-cyclic AMP Synthetase,Adenylyl Cyclase,3',5' cyclic AMP Synthetase,AMP Synthetase, 3',5'-cyclic,Cyclase, Adenyl,Cyclase, Adenylate,Cyclase, Adenylyl,Cyclases, Adenylyl,Synthetase, 3',5'-cyclic AMP
D000818	Animals	Unicellular or multicellular, heterotrophic organisms, that have sensation and the power of voluntary movement. Under the older five kingdom paradigm, Animalia was one of the kingdoms. Under the modern three domain model, Animalia represents one of the many groups in the domain EUKARYOTA.	Animal,Metazoa,Animalia
D015398	Signal Transduction	The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.	Cell Signaling,Receptor-Mediated Signal Transduction,Signal Pathways,Receptor Mediated Signal Transduction,Signal Transduction Pathways,Signal Transduction Systems,Pathway, Signal,Pathway, Signal Transduction,Pathways, Signal,Pathways, Signal Transduction,Receptor-Mediated Signal Transductions,Signal Pathway,Signal Transduction Pathway,Signal Transduction System,Signal Transduction, Receptor-Mediated,Signal Transductions,Signal Transductions, Receptor-Mediated,System, Signal Transduction,Systems, Signal Transduction,Transduction, Signal,Transductions, Signal
D015603	Keratinocytes	Epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell.	Keratinocyte
D019204	GTP-Binding Proteins	Regulatory proteins that act as molecular switches. They control a wide range of biological processes including: receptor signaling, intracellular signal transduction pathways, and protein synthesis. Their activity is regulated by factors that control their ability to bind to and hydrolyze GTP to GDP. EC 3.6.1.-.	G-Proteins,GTP-Regulatory Proteins,Guanine Nucleotide Regulatory Proteins,G-Protein,GTP-Binding Protein,GTP-Regulatory Protein,Guanine Nucleotide Coupling Protein,G Protein,G Proteins,GTP Binding Protein,GTP Binding Proteins,GTP Regulatory Protein,GTP Regulatory Proteins,Protein, GTP-Binding,Protein, GTP-Regulatory,Proteins, GTP-Binding,Proteins, GTP-Regulatory