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Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is thought to result from the autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas. Years before IDDM symptoms appear, we can detect autoantibodies to one or both forms of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD65 and GAD67), synthesized from their respective cDNAs in a bacterial expression system. Individual IDDM sera show distinctive profiles of epitope recognition, suggesting different humoral immune responses. Although the level of GAD autoantibodies generally decline after IDDM onset, patients with IDDM-associated neuropathies have high levels of antibodies to GAD, years after the appearance of clinical IDDM. We note a striking sequence similarity between the two GADs and Coxsackievirus, a virus that has been associated with IDDM both in humans and in experimental animals. This similarity suggests that molecular mimicry may play a role in the pathogenesis of IDDM.
D L Kaufman, and
M G Erlander, and
M Clare-Salzler, and
M A Atkinson, and
N K Maclaren, and
A J Tobin
July 1996,
Hormone and metabolic research = Hormon- und Stoffwechselforschung = Hormones et metabolisme,
D L Kaufman, and
M G Erlander, and
M Clare-Salzler, and
M A Atkinson, and
N K Maclaren, and
A J Tobin
February 1999,
Bratislavske lekarske listy,
D L Kaufman, and
M G Erlander, and
M Clare-Salzler, and
M A Atkinson, and
N K Maclaren, and
A J Tobin
January 1994,
Problemy endokrinologii,
D L Kaufman, and
M G Erlander, and
M Clare-Salzler, and
M A Atkinson, and
N K Maclaren, and
A J Tobin
January 1981,
The American journal of medicine,
D L Kaufman, and
M G Erlander, and
M Clare-Salzler, and
M A Atkinson, and
N K Maclaren, and
A J Tobin
January 1995,
Journal of neuroscience research,
D L Kaufman, and
M G Erlander, and
M Clare-Salzler, and
M A Atkinson, and
N K Maclaren, and
A J Tobin
October 1991,
Trends in neurosciences,
D L Kaufman, and
M G Erlander, and
M Clare-Salzler, and
M A Atkinson, and
N K Maclaren, and
A J Tobin
April 1993,
Trends in pharmacological sciences,
D L Kaufman, and
M G Erlander, and
M Clare-Salzler, and
M A Atkinson, and
N K Maclaren, and
A J Tobin
January 1991,
Autoimmunity,
D L Kaufman, and
M G Erlander, and
M Clare-Salzler, and
M A Atkinson, and
N K Maclaren, and
A J Tobin
April 1988,
Clinical and experimental immunology,
D L Kaufman, and
M G Erlander, and
M Clare-Salzler, and
M A Atkinson, and
N K Maclaren, and
A J Tobin
April 1997,
Metabolism: clinical and experimental,
