Biomaterial Database

[Nicorandil reduces incidence and severity of pain on propofol injection]. 2003

Yasuhiro Yoshimura, and Tatsuma Iwasaki, and Yukio Shimizu, and Mayumi Takasaki

Department of Anesthesiology, Hakodate National Hospital, Hakodate 041-8512.

BACKGROUND Propofol is commonly used for induction and maintenance of anesthesia, but the pain during injection of propofol remains a clinical problem. We studied whether nicorandil prevents the pain on propofol injection. METHODS The study was conducted in 120 adult patients scheduled for elective surgery. The patients were assigned to two groups; Group C (n = 60) received bolus injection of propofol alone; Group N (n = 60) received bolus injection of 2 mg of nicrorandil 3 minutes before propofol injection, and followed by continuous nicorandil infusion at a rate of 6 mg.h-1. The pain on injection was assessed as, none, mild, moderate, or severe at 15-second intervals. RESULTS The incidence of propofol-induced pain was significantly higher in Group C (77%) than in Group N (30%) (P < 0.05). The severity of pain was significantly higher in Group C than in Group N (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Nicorandil reduces the incidence and severity of pain on propofol injection.

UI	MeSH Term	Description	Entries
D007262	Infusions, Intravenous	The long-term (minutes to hours) administration of a fluid into the vein through venipuncture, either by letting the fluid flow by gravity or by pumping it.	Drip Infusions,Intravenous Drip,Intravenous Infusions,Drip Infusion,Drip, Intravenous,Infusion, Drip,Infusion, Intravenous,Infusions, Drip,Intravenous Infusion
D007275	Injections, Intravenous	Injections made into a vein for therapeutic or experimental purposes.	Intravenous Injections,Injection, Intravenous,Intravenous Injection
D010146	Pain	An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	Suffering, Physical,Ache,Pain, Burning,Pain, Crushing,Pain, Migratory,Pain, Radiating,Pain, Splitting,Aches,Burning Pain,Burning Pains,Crushing Pain,Crushing Pains,Migratory Pain,Migratory Pains,Pains, Burning,Pains, Crushing,Pains, Migratory,Pains, Radiating,Pains, Splitting,Physical Suffering,Physical Sufferings,Radiating Pain,Radiating Pains,Splitting Pain,Splitting Pains,Sufferings, Physical
D006801	Humans	Members of the species Homo sapiens.	Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man
D000328	Adult	A person having attained full growth or maturity. Adults are of 19 through 44 years of age. For a person between 19 and 24 years of age, YOUNG ADULT is available.	Adults
D012720	Severity of Illness Index	Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.	Illness Index Severities,Illness Index Severity
D015742	Propofol	An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.	Disoprofol,2,6-Bis(1-methylethyl)phenol,2,6-Diisopropylphenol,Aquafol,Diprivan,Disoprivan,Fresofol,ICI-35,868,ICI-35868,Ivofol,Propofol Abbott,Propofol Fresenius,Propofol MCT,Propofol Rovi,Propofol-Lipuro,Recofol,2,6 Diisopropylphenol,ICI 35,868,ICI 35868,ICI35,868,ICI35868
D018686	Anesthetics, Intravenous	Ultrashort-acting anesthetics that are used for induction. Loss of consciousness is rapid and induction is pleasant, but there is no muscle relaxation and reflexes frequently are not reduced adequately. Repeated administration results in accumulation and prolongs the recovery time. Since these agents have little if any analgesic activity, they are seldom used alone except in brief minor procedures. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p174)	Intravenous Anesthetic,Intravenous Anesthetics,Anesthetic, Intravenous
D020108	Nicorandil	A derivative of the NIACINAMIDE that is structurally combined with an organic nitrate. It is a potassium-channel opener that causes vasodilatation of arterioles and large coronary arteries. Its nitrate-like properties produce venous vasodilation through stimulation of guanylate cyclase.	2-Nicotinamidoethyl Nitrate,2-Nicotinamidethyl Nitrate,Adancor,Dancor,Ikorel,SG-75,2 Nicotinamidethyl Nitrate,2 Nicotinamidoethyl Nitrate,Nitrate, 2-Nicotinamidethyl,Nitrate, 2-Nicotinamidoethyl,SG 75,SG75