Cheyne-Stokes Respiration (CSR) is a breathing pattern characterised by rhythmic oscillation of tidal volume with regularly recurring periods of hyperpnoea, hypopnoea and apnoea. CSR is no longer solely regarded as a symptom of severe congestive heart failure (CHF), but has been recognised as an independent risk factor for worsening heart failure and reduced survival in patients with CHF. CSR is associated with frequent awakening that fragment sleep and with concomitant sympathetic activation both of which may worsen CHF. Cheyne-Stokes Respiration is very common in patients with severe CHF and its prevalence may have been underestimated in the past due to technical limitations that precluded respiratory monitoring outside sleep laboratories. Since treatment of CSR appears to be beneficial and safe, patients at risk should be promptly diagnosed and treated. Treatment of CSR has been demonstrated to improve left ventricular ejection fraction and potentially prolongs survival in patients with severe CHF. This article briefly summarises the current knowledge of the patho-physiology, prevalence and therapy of Cheyne-Stokes respiration.