Biomaterial Database

Function of adenovirus E3 proteins and their interactions with immunoregulatory cell proteins. 2004

Marshall S Horwitz

Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA. horwitz@aecom.yu.edu

This manuscript will contain a brief review of adenovirus (Ad) biology including its structure and the spectrum of clinical diseases that it causes. Newer findings about the interactions of Ad early region 3 (E3) proteins with host proteins and signal transduction processes, which control the inflammatory response, will be described. Some of these processes affect the strategies for using Ads as vectors for gene therapy. There are many excellent reviews of some of these aspects 1. The history of the discoveries that led to the use of Ads as vectors as well as key experiments that resulted in improvements to various aspects of these systems have also been reviewed recently 2. The use of Ad E3 immunoregulatory genes to facilitate allogeneic transplantation and prevent autoimmune diabetes will be described.

UI	MeSH Term	Description	Entries
D011506	Proteins	Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.	Gene Products, Protein,Gene Proteins,Protein,Protein Gene Products,Proteins, Gene
D006801	Humans	Members of the species Homo sapiens.	Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man
D000256	Adenoviridae	A family of non-enveloped viruses infecting mammals (MASTADENOVIRUS) and birds (AVIADENOVIRUS) or both (ATADENOVIRUS). Infections may be asymptomatic or result in a variety of diseases.	Adenoviruses,Ichtadenovirus,Adenovirus,Ichtadenoviruses
D000257	Adenoviridae Infections	Virus diseases caused by the ADENOVIRIDAE.	Adenovirus Infections,Infections, Adenoviridae,Infections, Adenovirus,Adenoviridae Infection,Adenovirus Infection,Infection, Adenoviridae,Infection, Adenovirus
D000276	Adjuvants, Immunologic	Substances that augment, stimulate, activate, potentiate, or modulate the immune response at either the cellular or humoral level. The classical agents (Freund's adjuvant, BCG, Corynebacterium parvum, et al.) contain bacterial antigens. Some are endogenous (e.g., histamine, interferon, transfer factor, tuftsin, interleukin-1). Their mode of action is either non-specific, resulting in increased immune responsiveness to a wide variety of antigens, or antigen-specific, i.e., affecting a restricted type of immune response to a narrow group of antigens. The therapeutic efficacy of many biological response modifiers is related to their antigen-specific immunoadjuvanticity.	Immunoactivators,Immunoadjuvant,Immunoadjuvants,Immunologic Adjuvant,Immunopotentiator,Immunopotentiators,Immunostimulant,Immunostimulants,Adjuvant, Immunologic,Adjuvants, Immunological,Immunologic Adjuvants,Immunological Adjuvant,Adjuvant, Immunological,Immunological Adjuvants
D000818	Animals	Unicellular or multicellular, heterotrophic organisms, that have sensation and the power of voluntary movement. Under the older five kingdom paradigm, Animalia was one of the kingdoms. Under the modern three domain model, Animalia represents one of the many groups in the domain EUKARYOTA.	Animal,Metazoa,Animalia
D015398	Signal Transduction	The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.	Cell Signaling,Receptor-Mediated Signal Transduction,Signal Pathways,Receptor Mediated Signal Transduction,Signal Transduction Pathways,Signal Transduction Systems,Pathway, Signal,Pathway, Signal Transduction,Pathways, Signal,Pathways, Signal Transduction,Receptor-Mediated Signal Transductions,Signal Pathway,Signal Transduction Pathway,Signal Transduction System,Signal Transduction, Receptor-Mediated,Signal Transductions,Signal Transductions, Receptor-Mediated,System, Signal Transduction,Systems, Signal Transduction,Transduction, Signal,Transductions, Signal
D016328	NF-kappa B	Ubiquitous, inducible, nuclear transcriptional activator that binds to enhancer elements in many different cell types and is activated by pathogenic stimuli. The NF-kappa B complex is a heterodimer composed of two DNA-binding subunits: NF-kappa B1 and relA.	Immunoglobulin Enhancer-Binding Protein,NF-kappa B Complex,Nuclear Factor kappa B,Transcription Factor NF-kB,kappa B Enhancer Binding Protein,Ig-EBP-1,NF-kB,NF-kappaB,Nuclear Factor-Kappab,Complex, NF-kappa B,Enhancer-Binding Protein, Immunoglobulin,Factor NF-kB, Transcription,Factor-Kappab, Nuclear,Ig EBP 1,Immunoglobulin Enhancer Binding Protein,NF kB,NF kappa B Complex,NF kappaB,NF-kB, Transcription Factor,Nuclear Factor Kappab,Transcription Factor NF kB
D017503	Adenovirus E3 Proteins	Proteins transcribed from the E3 region of ADENOVIRUSES but not essential for viral replication. The E3 19K protein mediates adenovirus persistence by reducing the expression of class I major histocompatibility complex antigens on the surface of infected cells.	Adenovirus E3 19K Protein,Adenovirus Type 2 E3-19K Protein,E3 19K Protein, Adenovirus,E3 Protein, Adenovirus,Adenovirus E3 Protein,Adenovirus Type 2 E3 19K Protein,E3 Proteins, Adenovirus
D018925	Chemokines	Class of pro-inflammatory cytokines that have the ability to attract and activate leukocytes. They can be divided into at least three structural branches: C; (CHEMOKINES, C); CC; (CHEMOKINES, CC); and CXC; (CHEMOKINES, CXC); according to variations in a shared cysteine motif.	Chemokine,Chemotactic Cytokine,Chemotactic Cytokines,Cytokines, Chemotactic,Intercrine,Intercrines,Cytokine, Chemotactic