Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed from weaning low (1-5 ppm) and normal (26-50 ppm) vitamin E diets for 30-34 weeks. Dietary fat was also varied from 5% (Experiment 1) to 20% (Experiments 2 and 3). Intestinal tumors were induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine given subcutaneously as 10 weekly doses at 20 mg/kg body wt. Tumor incidence was lower by 30% and burden was 25%-50% lower for low vitamin E rats than for vitamin E-replete rats. This result was independent of the fat content of the diet. In Experiment 3, vitamin E and calcium were assessed for their influence on intestinal tumors at two levels, with dietary vitamin E at 5 and 50 ppm and calcium at 0.2% and 1.0% in a 2 x 2 factorial experiment. The high calcium-low vitamin E diet produced the greatest fall in tumor incidence and burden relative to the other treatments. In this experiment, vitamin E deficiency reduced tumor incidence and calcium supplementation reduced tumor burden, with a significant interaction of the two. However, this group also showed evidence of reduced food intake and kidney change (calcification), which may have confounded the result. This points to a risk associated with this combination of nutrients at these levels in long-term experiments.