Biomaterial Database

Changes in the tibial growth plates of chickens with thiram-induced dyschondroplasia. 2005

N C Rath, and M P Richards, and W E Huff, and G R Huff, and J M Balog

Poultry Production and Product Safety Research, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Poultry Science Center, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA.

Tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) is a metabolic cartilage disease of young poultry in which endochondral bone formation is disrupted leading to the retention of a non-calcified, avascular plug of cartilage in the tibial growth plate. Chicks aged 7 days were fed either a control diet or one containing thiram 100 ppm for 48 h to induce TD. Cell multiplication in the growth plate was determined thereafter with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) labelling, and metabolic changes by measuring alkaline phosphatase (ALP), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), and glutathione (GSH) activities. The effect on chondrocyte maturation was examined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis of gene expression. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) and DNA fragmentation were used to determine the effects of thiram on cell survival. The results showed that thiram-induced TD was not due to the multiplication of cells in the post-proliferative zones. Thiram did not affect ALP activity, which would have indicated a loss of calcification potential, but it reduced both TRAP and the glutathione concentrations, suggesting that the growth plate metabolism and remodelling functions were adversely affected. Thiram appeared to have no effect on the expression of type X collagen, transglutaminase, RUNX2, or matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP) genes suggesting that it did not alter the maturation potential of chondrocytes. On the contrary, the expressions of MMP-13 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) genes were "up-regulated," suggesting that thiram has pro-angiogenic activity. However, TUNEL assay showed that thiram induced endothelial cell apoptosis in the capillary vessels of the growth plates, as early as 10 days of age, when TD was not visually evident. The vascular death increased on subsequent days accompanied by massive death of chondrocytes in the transition zone of the growth plate. The induction of apoptosis in the growth plate was also demonstrated by DNA fragmentation. It was concluded that thiram induced TD not through an increase in the multiplication of chondrocytes in the transition zone and not by altering the expression of genes causing the arrest of chondrocytes in a prehypertrophic state, but by creating a metabolic dysfunction which led to the destruction of blood capillaries in the transition zone chondrocytes.

UI	MeSH Term	Description	Entries
D007527	Isoenzymes	Structurally related forms of an enzyme. Each isoenzyme has the same mechanism and classification, but differs in its chemical, physical, or immunological characteristics.	Alloenzyme,Allozyme,Isoenzyme,Isozyme,Isozymes,Alloenzymes,Allozymes
D010009	Osteochondrodysplasias	Abnormal development of cartilage and bone.	Dyschondroplasias,Hyperostosis Corticalis Generalisata,Melnick-Needles Syndrome,Multiple Epiphyseal Dysplasia,Schwartz-Jampel Syndrome,Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia,Chondrodystrophic Myotonia,Dyschondroplasia,Endosteal Hyperostosis, Autosomal Recessive,Hyperphosphatasemia Tarda,Late-Onset Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia,Melnick-Needles Osteodysplasty,Myotonic Chondrodystrophy,Myotonic Myopathy, Dwarfism, Chondrodystrophy, And Ocular And Facial Abnormalities,Osteodysplasty of Melnick and Needles,SED Tarda,SJA Syndrome,Schwartz Jampel Aberfeld syndrome,Schwartz-Jampel Syndrome, Type 1,Schwartz-Jampel-Aberfeld Syndrome,Sost Sclerosing Bone Dysplasia,Sost-Related Sclerosing Bone Dysplasia,Spondylo-Epimetaphyseal Dysplasia With Myotonia,Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia Tarda, X-Linked,Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia, Late,Van Buchem Disease,X-Linked SED,X-Linked SEDT,X-Linked Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia Tarda,Chondrodystrophy, Myotonic,Dysplasia, Spondyloepiphyseal,Late Onset Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia,Late Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia,Melnick Needles Osteodysplasty,Melnick Needles Syndrome,Myotonia, Chondrodystrophic,Osteochondrodysplasia,Osteodysplasty, Melnick-Needles,SED, X-Linked,SEDT, X-Linked,Schwartz Jampel Syndrome,Schwartz Jampel Syndrome, Type 1,Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia Tarda, X Linked,Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia, Late-Onset,Syndrome, Schwartz-Jampel-Aberfeld,X Linked SED,X Linked SEDT,X Linked Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia Tarda
D011201	Poultry Diseases	Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.	Disease, Poultry,Diseases, Poultry,Poultry Disease
D002470	Cell Survival	The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability.	Cell Viability,Cell Viabilities,Survival, Cell,Viabilities, Cell,Viability, Cell
D002645	Chickens	Common name for the species Gallus gallus, the domestic fowl, in the family Phasianidae, order GALLIFORMES. It is descended from the red jungle fowl of SOUTHEAST ASIA.	Gallus gallus,Gallus domesticus,Gallus gallus domesticus,Chicken
D005978	Glutathione	A tripeptide with many roles in cells. It conjugates to drugs to make them more soluble for excretion, is a cofactor for some enzymes, is involved in protein disulfide bond rearrangement and reduces peroxides.	Reduced Glutathione,gamma-L-Glu-L-Cys-Gly,gamma-L-Glutamyl-L-Cysteinylglycine,Glutathione, Reduced,gamma L Glu L Cys Gly,gamma L Glutamyl L Cysteinylglycine
D006132	Growth Plate	The area between the EPIPHYSIS and the DIAPHYSIS within which bone growth occurs.	Cartilage, Epiphyseal,Epiphyseal Cartilage,Epiphyseal Plate,Cartilages, Epiphyseal,Epiphyseal Cartilages,Epiphyseal Plates,Growth Plates,Plate, Epiphyseal,Plate, Growth,Plates, Epiphyseal,Plates, Growth
D000071681	Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase	One of several acid phosphatases in humans, other mammals, plants, and a few prokaryotes. The protein fold of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) resembles that of the catalytic domain of plant purple acid phosphatase and other serine/threonine-protein phosphatases that also contain a metallophosphoesterase domain. One gene produces the various forms which include purple acid phosphatases from spleen and other tissues. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase is a biomarker for pathological states in which it is over-expressed. Such conditions include GAUCHER DISEASE; HODGKIN DISEASE; BONE RESORPTION; and NEOPLASM METASTASIS.	AcPase V,Acid Phosphatase V,TRAP Type 5 AcPase,TRAcP,Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase Type 5,Type 5 Acid Phosphatase,Uteroferrin,Acid Phosphatase, Tartrate-Resistant,Phosphatase V, Acid,Phosphatase, Tartrate-Resistant Acid,Tartrate Resistant Acid Phosphatase,Tartrate Resistant Acid Phosphatase Type 5,V, AcPase,V, Acid Phosphatase
D000135	Acid Phosphatase	An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.	Acid beta-Glycerophosphatase,Acid beta Glycerophosphatase
D000469	Alkaline Phosphatase	An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.1.