Amino acid ester prodrugs of 2-bromo-5,6-dichloro-1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)benzimidazole enhance metabolic stability in vitro and in vivo. 2005

Philip L Lorenzi, and Christopher P Landowski, and Xueqin Song, and Katherine Z Borysko, and Julie M Breitenbach, and Jae Seung Kim, and John M Hilfinger, and Leroy B Townsend, and John C Drach, and Gordon L Amidon
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1065.

2-Bromo-5,6-dichloro-1-(beta-d-ribofuranosyl)benzimidazole (BDCRB) is a potent and selective inhibitor of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), but it lacks clinical utility due to rapid in vivo metabolism. We hypothesized that amino acid ester prodrugs of BDCRB may enhance both in vitro potency and systemic exposure of BDCRB through evasion of BDCRB-metabolizing enzymes. To this end, eight different amino acid prodrugs of BDCRB were tested for N-glycosidic bond stability, ester bond stability, Caco-2 cell uptake, antiviral activity, and cytotoxicity. The prodrugs were resistant to metabolism by BDCRB-metabolizing enzymes, and ester bond cleavage was rate-limiting in metabolite formation from prodrug. Thus, BDCRB metabolism could be controlled by the selection of promoiety. In HCMV plaque-formation assays, l-Asp-BDCRB exhibited 3-fold greater selectivity than BDCRB for inhibition of HCMV replication. This potent and selective antiviral activity in addition to favorable stability profile made l-Asp-BDCRB an excellent candidate for in vivo assessment and pharmacokinetic comparison with BDCRB. In addition to rapid absorption and sufficient prodrug activation after oral administration to mice, l-Asp-BDCRB exhibited a 5-fold greater half-life than BDCRB. Furthermore, the sum of area under the concentration-time profile (AUC)(BDCRB) and AUC(prodrug) after l-Asp-BDCRB administration was roughly 3-fold greater than AUC(BDCRB) after BDCRB administration, suggesting that a reservoir of prodrug was delivered in addition to parent drug. Overall, these findings demonstrate that amino acid prodrugs of BDCRB exhibit evasion of metabolizing enzymes (i.e., bioevasion) in vitro and provide a modular approach for translating this in vitro stability into enhanced in vivo delivery of BDCRB.

UI MeSH Term Description Entries
D007413 Intestinal Mucosa Lining of the INTESTINES, consisting of an inner EPITHELIUM, a middle LAMINA PROPRIA, and an outer MUSCULARIS MUCOSAE. In the SMALL INTESTINE, the mucosa is characterized by a series of folds and abundance of absorptive cells (ENTEROCYTES) with MICROVILLI. Intestinal Epithelium,Intestinal Glands,Epithelium, Intestinal,Gland, Intestinal,Glands, Intestinal,Intestinal Gland,Mucosa, Intestinal
D008099 Liver A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances. Livers
D011355 Prodrugs A compound that, on administration, must undergo chemical conversion by metabolic processes before becoming the pharmacologically active drug for which it is a prodrug. Drug Precursor,Drug Precursors,Pro-Drug,Prodrug,Pro-Drugs,Precursor, Drug,Precursors, Drug,Pro Drug,Pro Drugs
D002470 Cell Survival The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. Cell Viability,Cell Viabilities,Survival, Cell,Viabilities, Cell,Viability, Cell
D002851 Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed. Chromatography, High Performance Liquid,Chromatography, High Speed Liquid,Chromatography, Liquid, High Pressure,HPLC,High Performance Liquid Chromatography,High-Performance Liquid Chromatography,UPLC,Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography,Chromatography, High-Performance Liquid,High-Performance Liquid Chromatographies,Liquid Chromatography, High-Performance
D003587 Cytomegalovirus A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS. Herpesvirus 5, Human,Human Herpesvirus 5,Salivary Gland Viruses,HHV 5,Herpesvirus 5 (beta), Human,Cytomegaloviruses,Salivary Gland Virus,Virus, Salivary Gland,Viruses, Salivary Gland
D005260 Female Females
D006801 Humans Members of the species Homo sapiens. Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man
D000818 Animals Unicellular or multicellular, heterotrophic organisms, that have sensation and the power of voluntary movement. Under the older five kingdom paradigm, Animalia was one of the kingdoms. Under the modern three domain model, Animalia represents one of the many groups in the domain EUKARYOTA. Animal,Metazoa,Animalia
D000998 Antiviral Agents Agents used in the prophylaxis or therapy of VIRUS DISEASES. Some of the ways they may act include preventing viral replication by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase; binding to specific cell-surface receptors and inhibiting viral penetration or uncoating; inhibiting viral protein synthesis; or blocking late stages of virus assembly. Antiviral,Antiviral Agent,Antiviral Drug,Antivirals,Antiviral Drugs,Agent, Antiviral,Agents, Antiviral,Drug, Antiviral,Drugs, Antiviral

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