Central sleep apnea. 2005

M Safwan Badr
Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Harper University Hospital, 3-Hudson, 3990 John R. Street, Detroit, MI 48201, USA. sbadr@intmed.wayne.edu

Central sleep apnea (CSA) is characterized by the periodic occurrence of apnea caused by loss of ventilatory motor output. CSA is often discussed as a minor variant of obstructive sleep apnea.However, this view obscures the critical contribution of CSA as an important manifestation of breathing instability in a variety of conditions with diverse causes. Central apnea can also be a physiologic phenomenon in healthy people during sleep onset. Conversely, patients who have obstructive apnea may also develop episodes of apparent central apnea, and apneas that begin as central may become obstructive as respiratory effort is restored ("mixed apneas"). Thus, there is a significant overlap between obstructive and central apnea. This article addresses the pathophysiology, clinical features, and management of normocapnic and hypercapnic CSA.

UI MeSH Term Description Entries
D011175 Positive-Pressure Respiration A method of mechanical ventilation in which pressure is maintained to increase the volume of gas remaining in the lungs at the end of expiration, thus reducing the shunting of blood through the lungs and improving gas exchange. Positive End-Expiratory Pressure,Positive-Pressure Ventilation,End-Expiratory Pressure, Positive,End-Expiratory Pressures, Positive,Positive End Expiratory Pressure,Positive End-Expiratory Pressures,Positive Pressure Respiration,Positive Pressure Ventilation,Positive-Pressure Respirations,Positive-Pressure Ventilations,Pressure, Positive End-Expiratory,Pressures, Positive End-Expiratory,Respiration, Positive-Pressure,Respirations, Positive-Pressure,Ventilation, Positive-Pressure,Ventilations, Positive-Pressure
D011320 Primary Health Care Care which provides integrated, accessible health care services by clinicians who are accountable for addressing a large majority of personal health care needs, developing a sustained partnership with patients, and practicing in the context of family and community. (JAMA 1995;273(3):192) Primary Care,Primary Healthcare,Care, Primary,Care, Primary Health,Health Care, Primary,Healthcare, Primary
D002561 Cerebrovascular Disorders A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others. Brain Vascular Disorders,Intracranial Vascular Disorders,Vascular Diseases, Intracranial,Cerebrovascular Diseases,Cerebrovascular Insufficiency,Cerebrovascular Occlusion,Brain Vascular Disorder,Cerebrovascular Disease,Cerebrovascular Disorder,Cerebrovascular Insufficiencies,Cerebrovascular Occlusions,Disease, Cerebrovascular,Diseases, Cerebrovascular,Insufficiencies, Cerebrovascular,Insufficiency, Cerebrovascular,Intracranial Vascular Disease,Intracranial Vascular Diseases,Intracranial Vascular Disorder,Occlusion, Cerebrovascular,Occlusions, Cerebrovascular,Vascular Disease, Intracranial,Vascular Disorder, Brain,Vascular Disorder, Intracranial,Vascular Disorders, Brain,Vascular Disorders, Intracranial
D006333 Heart Failure A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION. Cardiac Failure,Heart Decompensation,Congestive Heart Failure,Heart Failure, Congestive,Heart Failure, Left-Sided,Heart Failure, Right-Sided,Left-Sided Heart Failure,Myocardial Failure,Right-Sided Heart Failure,Decompensation, Heart,Heart Failure, Left Sided,Heart Failure, Right Sided,Left Sided Heart Failure,Right Sided Heart Failure
D006801 Humans Members of the species Homo sapiens. Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man
D016857 Hypocapnia Clinical manifestation consisting of a deficiency of carbon dioxide in arterial blood. Hypocapnias
D020182 Sleep Apnea, Central A condition associated with multiple episodes of sleep apnea which are distinguished from obstructive sleep apnea (SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE) by the complete cessation of efforts to breathe. This disorder is associated with dysfunction of central nervous system centers that regulate respiration. Apnea, Sleep, Central,Central Sleep Apnea,Hypoventilation, Central Alveolar,Ondine Syndrome,Sleep-Disordered Breathing, Central,Apnea, Central,Apnea, Central Sleep,Central Alveolar Hypoventilation Syndrome,Central Sleep Apnea Syndrome,Central Sleep Apnea, Primary,Central Sleep Apnea, Secondary,Central Sleep Disordered Breathing,Newborn Primary Sleep Apneas,Primary Central Sleep Apnea,Primary Sleep Apneas of Newborn,Secondary Central Sleep Apnea,Sleep Apnea, Lethal Central,Sleep Apnea, Newborn, Primary,Alveolar Hypoventilation, Central,Alveolar Hypoventilations, Central,Apneas, Central,Apneas, Central Sleep,Breathing, Central Sleep-Disordered,Breathings, Central Sleep-Disordered,Central Alveolar Hypoventilation,Central Apnea,Central Apneas,Central Sleep Apneas,Central Sleep-Disordered Breathing,Central Sleep-Disordered Breathings,Hypoventilations, Central Alveolar,Sleep Apneas, Central,Sleep Disordered Breathing, Central,Sleep-Disordered Breathings, Central

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