BOLD signal increase preceeds EEG spike activity--a dynamic penicillin induced focal epilepsy in deep anesthesia. 2005

Minna Mäkiranta, and Jyrki Ruohonen, and Kalervo Suominen, and Jaakko Niinimäki, and Eila Sonkajärvi, and Vesa Kiviniemi, and Tapio Seppänen, and Seppo Alahuhta, and Ville Jäntti, and Osmo Tervonen
Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Oulu, Kajaanintie 50, 90220 Oulu, Finland. Minna.Makiranta@oulu.fi

In 40-60% of cases with interictal activity in EEG, fMRI cannot locate any focus or foci with simultaneous EEG/fMRI. In experimental focal epilepsy, a priori knowledge exists of the location of the epileptogenic area. This study aimed to develop and to test an experimental focal epilepsy model, which includes dynamic induction of epileptic activity, simultaneous EEG/fMRI, and deep anesthesia. Reported results are from seven pigs (23 +/- 2 kg) studied under isoflurane anesthesia (1.2-1.6 MAC, burst-suppression EEG) and muscle relaxant. Hypo- and hypercapnia were tested in one pig. Penicillin (6000 IU) was injected via a plastic catheter (inserted into the somatosensory cortex) during fMRI (GRE-EPI, TE = 40 ms, 300 ms/two slices, acquisition delay 1700 ms) in 1.5 T (N = 6). Epileptic spikes between acquisition artifacts were reviewed and EEG total power calculated. Cross-correlation between voxel time series and three model functions resembling induced spike activity were tested. Activation map averages were calculated. Development of penicillin induced focal epileptic activity was associated with linear increase and saturation up to approximately 10-20%, in BOLD activation map average. Its initial linear increase reached 2.5-10% at the appearance of the first distinguished spike in ipsilateral EEG in all six animals. Correlated voxels were located mainly in the vicinity of the penicillin injection site and midline, but few in the thalamus. In conclusion, development of focal epileptic activity can be detected as a BOLD signal change, even preceding the spike activity in scalp EEG. This experimental model contains potential for development and testing different localization methods and revealing the characteristic time sequence of epileptic activity with fMRI during deep anesthesia.

UI MeSH Term Description Entries
D008279 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. Chemical Shift Imaging,MR Tomography,MRI Scans,MRI, Functional,Magnetic Resonance Image,Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Functional,Magnetization Transfer Contrast Imaging,NMR Imaging,NMR Tomography,Tomography, NMR,Tomography, Proton Spin,fMRI,Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging,Imaging, Chemical Shift,Proton Spin Tomography,Spin Echo Imaging,Steady-State Free Precession MRI,Tomography, MR,Zeugmatography,Chemical Shift Imagings,Echo Imaging, Spin,Echo Imagings, Spin,Functional MRI,Functional MRIs,Image, Magnetic Resonance,Imaging, Magnetic Resonance,Imaging, NMR,Imaging, Spin Echo,Imagings, Chemical Shift,Imagings, Spin Echo,MRI Scan,MRIs, Functional,Magnetic Resonance Images,Resonance Image, Magnetic,Scan, MRI,Scans, MRI,Shift Imaging, Chemical,Shift Imagings, Chemical,Spin Echo Imagings,Steady State Free Precession MRI
D010100 Oxygen An element with atomic symbol O, atomic number 8, and atomic weight [15.99903; 15.99977]. It is the most abundant element on earth and essential for respiration. Dioxygen,Oxygen-16,Oxygen 16
D010406 Penicillins A group of antibiotics that contain 6-aminopenicillanic acid with a side chain attached to the 6-amino group. The penicillin nucleus is the chief structural requirement for biological activity. The side-chain structure determines many of the antibacterial and pharmacological characteristics. (Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p1065) Antibiotics, Penicillin,Penicillin,Penicillin Antibiotics
D001931 Brain Mapping Imaging techniques used to colocalize sites of brain functions or physiological activity with brain structures. Brain Electrical Activity Mapping,Functional Cerebral Localization,Topographic Brain Mapping,Brain Mapping, Topographic,Functional Cerebral Localizations,Mapping, Brain,Mapping, Topographic Brain
D002560 Cerebrovascular Circulation The circulation of blood through the BLOOD VESSELS of the BRAIN. Brain Blood Flow,Regional Cerebral Blood Flow,Cerebral Blood Flow,Cerebral Circulation,Cerebral Perfusion Pressure,Circulation, Cerebrovascular,Blood Flow, Brain,Blood Flow, Cerebral,Brain Blood Flows,Cerebral Blood Flows,Cerebral Circulations,Cerebral Perfusion Pressures,Circulation, Cerebral,Flow, Brain Blood,Flow, Cerebral Blood,Perfusion Pressure, Cerebral,Pressure, Cerebral Perfusion
D004569 Electroencephalography Recording of electric currents developed in the brain by means of electrodes applied to the scalp, to the surface of the brain, or placed within the substance of the brain. EEG,Electroencephalogram,Electroencephalograms
D004828 Epilepsies, Partial Conditions characterized by recurrent paroxysmal neuronal discharges which arise from a focal region of the brain. Partial seizures are divided into simple and complex, depending on whether consciousness is unaltered (simple partial seizure) or disturbed (complex partial seizure). Both types may feature a wide variety of motor, sensory, and autonomic symptoms. Partial seizures may be classified by associated clinical features or anatomic location of the seizure focus. A secondary generalized seizure refers to a partial seizure that spreads to involve the brain diffusely. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317) Abdominal Epilepsy,Digestive Epilepsy,Epilepsy, Focal,Epilepsy, Simple Partial,Focal Seizure Disorder,Gelastic Epilepsy,Partial Epilepsy,Partial Seizure Disorder,Seizure Disorder, Partial,Simple Partial Seizures,Amygdalo-Hippocampal Epilepsy,Benign Focal Epilepsy, Childhood,Benign Occipital Epilepsy,Benign Occipital Epilepsy, Childhood,Childhood Benign Focal Epilepsy,Childhood Benign Occipital Epilepsy,Epilepsy, Benign Occipital,Epilepsy, Localization-Related,Epilepsy, Partial,Occipital Lobe Epilepsy,Panayiotopoulos Syndrome,Partial Seizures, Simple, Consciousness Preserved,Rhinencephalic Epilepsy,Seizure Disorder, Focal,Subclinical Seizure,Uncinate Seizures,Abdominal Epilepsies,Amygdalo-Hippocampal Epilepsies,Benign Occipital Epilepsies,Digestive Epilepsies,Disorders, Focal Seizure,Disorders, Partial Seizure,Epilepsies, Abdominal,Epilepsies, Amygdalo-Hippocampal,Epilepsies, Benign Occipital,Epilepsies, Digestive,Epilepsies, Focal,Epilepsies, Gelastic,Epilepsies, Localization-Related,Epilepsies, Occipital Lobe,Epilepsies, Rhinencephalic,Epilepsies, Simple Partial,Epilepsy, Abdominal,Focal Epilepsies,Focal Epilepsy,Focal Seizure Disorders,Gelastic Epilepsies,Lobe Epilepsy, Occipital,Localization-Related Epilepsies,Localization-Related Epilepsy,Occipital Epilepsies, Benign,Occipital Epilepsy, Benign,Occipital Lobe Epilepsies,Partial Epilepsies,Partial Epilepsies, Simple,Partial Seizure Disorders,Partial Seizures, Simple,Rhinencephalic Epilepsies,Seizure Disorders, Focal,Seizure Disorders, Partial,Seizure, Subclinical,Seizure, Uncinate,Seizures, Simple Partial,Seizures, Subclinical,Seizures, Uncinate,Simple Partial Epilepsies,Subclinical Seizures,Uncinate Seizure
D005260 Female Females
D006439 Hemodynamics The movement and the forces involved in the movement of the blood through the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM. Hemodynamic
D006935 Hypercapnia A clinical manifestation of abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.

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