Biomaterial Database

CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins and interferon signaling pathways. 2005

Dhananjaya V Kalvakolanu, and Sanjit K Roy

Greenebaum Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA. dkalvako@umaryland.edu

Interferons (IFNs) regulate a number of host responses, including innate and adaptive immunity against viruses, microbes, and neoplastic cells. These responses are dependent on the expression of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). Given the diversities in these responses and their kinetics, it is conceivable that a number of different factors are required for controlling them. Here, we describe one such pathway wherein transcription factor CAAAT/enhancer binding protein-beta (C/EBP-beta) is controlled via IFN-gamma-induced MAPK signaling pathways. At least two IFN-gamma-induced MAPK signals converge on to C/EBP-beta for inducing transcription. One of these, driven by extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), phosphorylates the C/EBP-beta protein in its regulatory domain. The second, driven by the mixed-lineage kinases (MLKs), induces a dephosphorylation leading to the recruitment of transcriptional coactivators.

UI	MeSH Term	Description	Entries
D007371	Interferon-gamma	The major interferon produced by mitogenically or antigenically stimulated LYMPHOCYTES. It is structurally different from TYPE I INTERFERON and its major activity is immunoregulation. It has been implicated in the expression of CLASS II HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS in cells that do not normally produce them, leading to AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES.	Interferon Type II,Interferon, Immune,gamma-Interferon,Interferon, gamma,Type II Interferon,Immune Interferon,Interferon, Type II
D007372	Interferons	Proteins secreted by vertebrate cells in response to a wide variety of inducers. They confer resistance against many different viruses, inhibit proliferation of normal and malignant cells, impede multiplication of intracellular parasites, enhance macrophage and granulocyte phagocytosis, augment natural killer cell activity, and show several other immunomodulatory functions.	Interferon
D008954	Models, Biological	Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.	Biological Model,Biological Models,Model, Biological,Models, Biologic,Biologic Model,Biologic Models,Model, Biologic
D008969	Molecular Sequence Data	Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.	Sequence Data, Molecular,Molecular Sequencing Data,Data, Molecular Sequence,Data, Molecular Sequencing,Sequencing Data, Molecular
D006801	Humans	Members of the species Homo sapiens.	Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man
D000595	Amino Acid Sequence	The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.	Protein Structure, Primary,Amino Acid Sequences,Sequence, Amino Acid,Sequences, Amino Acid,Primary Protein Structure,Primary Protein Structures,Protein Structures, Primary,Structure, Primary Protein,Structures, Primary Protein
D000818	Animals	Unicellular or multicellular, heterotrophic organisms, that have sensation and the power of voluntary movement. Under the older five kingdom paradigm, Animalia was one of the kingdoms. Under the modern three domain model, Animalia represents one of the many groups in the domain EUKARYOTA.	Animal,Metazoa,Animalia
D015398	Signal Transduction	The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.	Cell Signaling,Receptor-Mediated Signal Transduction,Signal Pathways,Receptor Mediated Signal Transduction,Signal Transduction Pathways,Signal Transduction Systems,Pathway, Signal,Pathway, Signal Transduction,Pathways, Signal,Pathways, Signal Transduction,Receptor-Mediated Signal Transductions,Signal Pathway,Signal Transduction Pathway,Signal Transduction System,Signal Transduction, Receptor-Mediated,Signal Transductions,Signal Transductions, Receptor-Mediated,System, Signal Transduction,Systems, Signal Transduction,Transduction, Signal,Transductions, Signal
D020930	MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases	Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAPKKKs) are serine-threonine protein kinases that initiate protein kinase signaling cascades. They phosphorylate MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASES; (MAPKKs) which in turn phosphorylate MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES; (MAPKs).	MAP3 Kinase,MAPK-ERK Kinase Kinase,MAPK-ERK Kinase Kinases,MAPKKK,MAPKKKs,MEK Kinase,MEK Kinases,MEKK,MEKKs,Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase Kinase,Kinases, MAP Kinase Kinase,MAP Kinase Kinase Kinase,MAP3 Kinases,Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase Kinases,Kinase Kinase, MAPK-ERK,Kinase Kinases, MAPK-ERK,Kinase, MAP3,Kinase, MAPK-ERK Kinase,Kinase, MEK,Kinases, MAP3,Kinases, MAPK-ERK Kinase,Kinases, MEK,MAPK ERK Kinase Kinase,MAPK ERK Kinase Kinases,Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase Kinase Kinase,Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase Kinase Kinases
D020935	MAP Kinase Signaling System	An intracellular signaling system involving the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades (three-membered protein kinase cascades). Various upstream activators, which act in response to extracellular stimuli, trigger the cascades by activating the first member of a cascade, MAP KINASE KINASE KINASES; (MAPKKKs). Activated MAPKKKs phosphorylate MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASES which in turn phosphorylate the MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES; (MAPKs). The MAPKs then act on various downstream targets to affect gene expression. In mammals, there are several distinct MAP kinase pathways including the ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) pathway, the SAPK/JNK (stress-activated protein kinase/c-jun kinase) pathway, and the p38 kinase pathway. There is some sharing of components among the pathways depending on which stimulus originates activation of the cascade.	MAP Kinase Cascade,MAP Kinase Module,MAP Kinase Signaling Cascade,MAP Kinase Signaling Pathway,MAP Kinase Signaling Pathways,ERK Pathway,ERK Signal Tranduction Pathway,ERK1 and ERK2 Pathway,ERK1-2 Pathway,JNK Pathway,JNK Signaling Pathway,MAP Kinase Modules,MAP Kinase Signaling Cascades,MEK-ERK Pathway,p38 Kinase Pathway,p38 Kinase Signaling Pathway,Cascade, MAP Kinase,ERK Pathways,ERK1 2 Pathway,ERK1-2 Pathways,JNK Pathways,JNK Signaling Pathways,Kinase Cascade, MAP,Kinase Pathway, p38,Kinase Pathways, p38,MAP Kinase Cascades,MEK ERK Pathway,MEK-ERK Pathways,Module, MAP Kinase,Pathway, ERK,Pathway, ERK1-2,Pathway, JNK,Pathway, JNK Signaling,Pathway, MEK-ERK,Pathway, p38 Kinase,Pathways, ERK,Pathways, ERK1-2,Pathways, JNK,Pathways, JNK Signaling,Pathways, MEK-ERK,Pathways, p38 Kinase,Signaling Pathway, JNK,Signaling Pathways, JNK,p38 Kinase Pathways