Biomaterial Database

Composition of formaldehyde- and formic acid-treated alfalfa and orchardgrass silages harvested at two maturities and their effects on intake and growth by Holstein heifers. 1991

H K Goering, and D R Waldo, and H F Tyrrell, and D J Thomson

Ruminant Nutr. Lab., Livest, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705.

Alfalfa and orchardgrass herbages were each harvested at two maturities (May 22 to 25 vs June 5 to 7) in primary growth and directly ensiled with 5 kg of a mixture of 30% formic acid and 25% formaldehyde per metric ton of fresh herbage in upright conventional silos. Alfalfa silage contained less NDF (71%) and more N (150%) and hot-water-insoluble N (117%) than orchardgrass silage did. Major differences between silages were that orchardgrass contained 20.4 percentage units more NDF and 1.10 percentage units less N than alfalfa. The NDF increased 104% and total N decreased to 86% with advancing maturity. Twenty-eight yearling Holstein heifers (223 kg BW) were given ad libitum access to the four silages with trace mineral salt, and growth rate was measured in a 119-d period. Daily DE intake was 297 kcal/kg.75 BW for heifers fed alfalfa silage compared with 202 kcal/kg.75 BW for heifers fed orchardgrass silage. Daily gain was 992 g for heifers fed alfalfa compared with 661 g for heifers fed orchardgrass. Gross efficiency, or gain per unit of DE, was similar for heifers fed orchardgrass and alfalfa. Rate of gain was primarily a function of ad libitum intake of DE. Heifers fed alfalfa had greater plasma essential amino acid concentrations (122%) than those fed orchardgrass did. Late alfalfa produced greater ADG than orchardgrass harvested 2 wk earlier.

UI	MeSH Term	Description	Entries
D009584	Nitrogen	An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight [14.00643; 14.00728]. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells.
D002417	Cattle	Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.	Beef Cow,Bos grunniens,Bos indicus,Bos indicus Cattle,Bos taurus,Cow,Cow, Domestic,Dairy Cow,Holstein Cow,Indicine Cattle,Taurine Cattle,Taurus Cattle,Yak,Zebu,Beef Cows,Bos indicus Cattles,Cattle, Bos indicus,Cattle, Indicine,Cattle, Taurine,Cattle, Taurus,Cattles, Bos indicus,Cattles, Indicine,Cattles, Taurine,Cattles, Taurus,Cow, Beef,Cow, Dairy,Cow, Holstein,Cows,Dairy Cows,Domestic Cow,Domestic Cows,Indicine Cattles,Taurine Cattles,Taurus Cattles,Yaks,Zebus
D004043	Dietary Fiber	The remnants of plant cell walls that are resistant to digestion by the alimentary enzymes of man. It comprises various polysaccharides and lignins.	Fiber, Dietary,Roughage,Wheat Bran,Bran, Wheat,Brans, Wheat,Dietary Fibers,Fibers, Dietary,Roughages,Wheat Brans
D004435	Eating	The consumption of edible substances.	Dietary Intake,Feed Intake,Food Intake,Macronutrient Intake,Micronutrient Intake,Nutrient Intake,Nutritional Intake,Ingestion,Dietary Intakes,Feed Intakes,Intake, Dietary,Intake, Feed,Intake, Food,Intake, Macronutrient,Intake, Micronutrient,Intake, Nutrient,Intake, Nutritional,Macronutrient Intakes,Micronutrient Intakes,Nutrient Intakes,Nutritional Intakes
D004734	Energy Metabolism	The chemical reactions involved in the production and utilization of various forms of energy in cells.	Bioenergetics,Energy Expenditure,Bioenergetic,Energy Expenditures,Energy Metabolisms,Expenditure, Energy,Expenditures, Energy,Metabolism, Energy,Metabolisms, Energy
D005260	Female		Females
D005557	Formaldehyde	A highly reactive aldehyde gas formed by oxidation or incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons. In solution, it has a wide range of uses: in the manufacture of resins and textiles, as a disinfectant, and as a laboratory fixative or preservative. Formaldehyde solution (formalin) is considered a hazardous compound, and its vapor toxic. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p717)	Formalin,Formol,Methanal,Oxomethane
D005561	Formates	Derivatives of formic acids. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are formed with a single carbon carboxy group.	Formic Acids,Acids, Formic
D006109	Poaceae	A large family of narrow-leaved herbaceous grasses of the order Cyperales, subclass Commelinidae, class Liliopsida (monocotyledons). Food grains (EDIBLE GRAIN) come from members of this family. RHINITIS, ALLERGIC, SEASONAL can be induced by POLLEN of many of the grasses.	Alopecurus,Arundo,Gramineae,Grasses,Imperata,Grass,Imperata cylindrica
D006863	Hydrogen-Ion Concentration	The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH	pH,Concentration, Hydrogen-Ion,Concentrations, Hydrogen-Ion,Hydrogen Ion Concentration,Hydrogen-Ion Concentrations