Biomaterial Database

Somatic hypermutation: subverted DNA repair. 2006

Stella A Martomo, and Patricia J Gearhart

Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 5600 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.

Somatic hypermutation generates high-affinity antibodies of different isotypes that efficiently protect us against a plethora of pathogens. Recent analyses of the types of mutations produced in gene-deficient mice have indicated how DNA repair proteins are drawn into the pathway. Activation-induced cytosine deaminase begins the process by deaminating cytosine to uracil in DNA. The uracils are then recognized by the base excision repair protein uracil DNA glycosylase and by the mismatch repair proteins MutS homologue 2 and MutS homologue 6. Instead of repairing the uracils, these proteins attract low fidelity DNA polymerases, which synthesize nucleotide substitutions at an unprecedented level.

UI	MeSH Term	Description	Entries
D007134	Immunoglobulin Switch Region	A site located in the INTRONS at the 5' end of each constant region segment of a immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene where recombination (or rearrangement) occur during IMMUNOGLOBULIN CLASS SWITCHING. Ig switch regions are found on genes encoding all five classes (IMMUNOGLOBULIN ISOTYPES) of IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS.	Ig Switch Region,Switch Region, Immunoglobulin,Heavy-Chain Mu Switch Region,Ig Switch Sequences,Ig Switch Regions,Ig Switch Sequence,Immunoglobulin Switch Regions,Region, Ig Switch,Region, Immunoglobulin Switch,Regions, Ig Switch,Regions, Immunoglobulin Switch,Sequence, Ig Switch,Sequences, Ig Switch,Switch Region, Ig,Switch Regions, Ig,Switch Regions, Immunoglobulin,Switch Sequence, Ig,Switch Sequences, Ig
D007135	Immunoglobulin Variable Region	That region of the immunoglobulin molecule that varies in its amino acid sequence and composition, and comprises the binding site for a specific antigen. It is located at the N-terminus of the Fab fragment of the immunoglobulin. It includes hypervariable regions (COMPLEMENTARITY DETERMINING REGIONS) and framework regions.	Variable Region, Ig,Variable Region, Immunoglobulin,Framework Region, Immunoglobulin,Fv Antibody Fragments,Fv Fragments,Ig Framework Region,Ig Variable Region,Immunoglobulin Framework Region,Immunoglobulin Fv Fragments,Immunoglobulin V,Antibody Fragment, Fv,Antibody Fragments, Fv,Fragment, Fv,Fragment, Fv Antibody,Fragment, Immunoglobulin Fv,Fragments, Fv,Fragments, Fv Antibody,Fragments, Immunoglobulin Fv,Framework Region, Ig,Framework Regions, Ig,Framework Regions, Immunoglobulin,Fv Antibody Fragment,Fv Fragment,Fv Fragment, Immunoglobulin,Fv Fragments, Immunoglobulin,Ig Framework Regions,Ig Variable Regions,Immunoglobulin Framework Regions,Immunoglobulin Fv Fragment,Immunoglobulin Variable Regions,Regions, Immunoglobulin Variable,Variable Regions, Ig,Variable Regions, Immunoglobulin
D009154	Mutation	Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.	Mutations
D004247	DNA	A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).	DNA, Double-Stranded,Deoxyribonucleic Acid,ds-DNA,DNA, Double Stranded,Double-Stranded DNA,ds DNA
D004260	DNA Repair	The removal of DNA LESIONS and/or restoration of intact DNA strands without BASE PAIR MISMATCHES, intrastrand or interstrand crosslinks, or discontinuities in the DNA sugar-phosphate backbones.	DNA Damage Response
D004268	DNA-Binding Proteins	Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.	DNA Helix Destabilizing Proteins,DNA-Binding Protein,Single-Stranded DNA Binding Proteins,DNA Binding Protein,DNA Single-Stranded Binding Protein,SS DNA BP,Single-Stranded DNA-Binding Protein,Binding Protein, DNA,DNA Binding Proteins,DNA Single Stranded Binding Protein,DNA-Binding Protein, Single-Stranded,Protein, DNA-Binding,Single Stranded DNA Binding Protein,Single Stranded DNA Binding Proteins
D000818	Animals	Unicellular or multicellular, heterotrophic organisms, that have sensation and the power of voluntary movement. Under the older five kingdom paradigm, Animalia was one of the kingdoms. Under the modern three domain model, Animalia represents one of the many groups in the domain EUKARYOTA.	Animal,Metazoa,Animalia
D051981	Uracil-DNA Glycosidase	An enzyme that catalyzes the HYDROLYSIS of the N-glycosidic bond between sugar phosphate backbone and URACIL residue during DNA synthesis.	Ung DNA Glycosylase,Ura-DNA Glycosidase,Ura-DNA Glycosylase,Uracil DNA Glycosylase,Uracil N-Glycosidase,Uracil N-Glycosylase,Uracil-DNA Glycosylase,DNA Glycosylase, Ung,DNA Glycosylase, Uracil,Glycosidase, Ura-DNA,Glycosidase, Uracil-DNA,Glycosylase, Ung DNA,Glycosylase, Ura-DNA,Glycosylase, Uracil DNA,Glycosylase, Uracil-DNA,N-Glycosidase, Uracil,N-Glycosylase, Uracil,Ura DNA Glycosidase,Ura DNA Glycosylase,Uracil DNA Glycosidase,Uracil N Glycosidase,Uracil N Glycosylase
D027041	Somatic Hypermutation, Immunoglobulin	A programmed mutation process whereby changes are introduced to the nucleotide sequence of immunoglobulin gene DNA during development.	Hypermutation, Somatic, Immunoglobulin,Ig Somatic Hypermutation,Immunoglobulin Somatic Hypermutation,Somatic Hypermutation, Ig,Hypermutation, Ig Somatic,Hypermutation, Immunoglobulin Somatic,Hypermutations, Ig Somatic,Hypermutations, Immunoglobulin Somatic,Ig Somatic Hypermutations,Immunoglobulin Somatic Hypermutations,Somatic Hypermutations, Ig,Somatic Hypermutations, Immunoglobulin