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The assessment of the relationship between blood pressure and sodium intake using whole-day, daytime and overnight urine collections. 1991

J Staessen, and P M Broughton, and A E Fletcher, and H L Markowe, and M G Marmot, and G Rose, and A Semmence, and M J Shipley, and C J Bulpitt
Department of Medicine, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.

The usefulness of whole-day, daytime (waking to retiring time) and overnight urine samples for assessing the relationship between blood pressure and sodium intake was examined in 301 male London civil servants, aged from 37 to 58 years old. Systolic blood pressure (SBP)/diastolic blood pressure (DBP) averaged 126/78 mmHg and the 24-h urinary excretion of sodium and potassium was 174 and 73 mmol, respectively. There was poor consistency between day- and night-time urine samples with respect to both sodium and potassium content. The urinary excretion of sodium and potassium was lower (P less than 0.001) in overnight than in daytime samples. After standardization for creatinine, the night: day ratio was 0.79 for sodium output and 0.55 for potassium excretion. Blood pressure, adjusted for age and body mass index, was significantly and positively correlated with overnight sodium excretion (SBP/DBP: slope = 0.061/0.046 mmHg/mmol) whereas the correlations with sodium excretion in daytime (0.010/0.004 mmHg/mmol) and whole-day (0.024/0.016 mmHg/mmol) urine samples were not significant. Blood pressure was significantly correlated with the sodium:potassium ratio in whole-day urine (1.941/1.968 mmHg/unit). As the agreement between daytime and overnight urine samples was low with respect to both sodium and potassium content, and due to the fact that the relationship between blood pressure and sodium in overnight samples may at least partially reflect pressure diuresis, overnight urinary sodium, even if related to sodium intake, cannot be employed to assess the association between salt in the diet and blood pressure.

UI MeSH Term Description Entries
D006973 Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more. Blood Pressure, High,Blood Pressures, High,High Blood Pressure,High Blood Pressures
D008297 Male Males
D008875 Middle Aged An adult aged 45 - 64 years. Middle Age
D011188 Potassium An element in the alkali group of metals with an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte that plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.
D012044 Regression Analysis Procedures for finding the mathematical function which best describes the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. In linear regression (see LINEAR MODELS) the relationship is constrained to be a straight line and LEAST-SQUARES ANALYSIS is used to determine the best fit. In logistic regression (see LOGISTIC MODELS) the dependent variable is qualitative rather than continuously variable and LIKELIHOOD FUNCTIONS are used to find the best relationship. In multiple regression, the dependent variable is considered to depend on more than a single independent variable. Regression Diagnostics,Statistical Regression,Analysis, Regression,Analyses, Regression,Diagnostics, Regression,Regression Analyses,Regression, Statistical,Regressions, Statistical,Statistical Regressions
D001794 Blood Pressure PRESSURE of the BLOOD on the ARTERIES and other BLOOD VESSELS. Systolic Pressure,Diastolic Pressure,Pulse Pressure,Pressure, Blood,Pressure, Diastolic,Pressure, Pulse,Pressure, Systolic,Pressures, Systolic
D002940 Circadian Rhythm The regular recurrence, in cycles of about 24 hours, of biological processes or activities, such as sensitivity to drugs or environmental and physiological stimuli. Diurnal Rhythm,Nyctohemeral Rhythm,Twenty-Four Hour Rhythm,Nycthemeral Rhythm,Circadian Rhythms,Diurnal Rhythms,Nycthemeral Rhythms,Nyctohemeral Rhythms,Rhythm, Circadian,Rhythm, Diurnal,Rhythm, Nycthemeral,Rhythm, Nyctohemeral,Rhythm, Twenty-Four Hour,Rhythms, Circadian,Rhythms, Diurnal,Rhythms, Nycthemeral,Rhythms, Nyctohemeral,Rhythms, Twenty-Four Hour,Twenty Four Hour Rhythm,Twenty-Four Hour Rhythms
D006801 Humans Members of the species Homo sapiens. Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man
D000328 Adult A person having attained full growth or maturity. Adults are of 19 through 44 years of age. For a person between 19 and 24 years of age, YOUNG ADULT is available. Adults
D012494 Sampling Studies Studies in which a number of subjects are selected from all subjects in a defined population. Conclusions based on sample results may be attributed only to the population sampled. Probability Sample,Probability Samples,Sample, Probability,Samples, Probability,Sampling Study,Studies, Sampling,Study, Sampling

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