Locally advanced stage III disease constitutes 30 to 40% of the entire group of non-small cell lung cancer. Surgery is the only curable modality in this stage disease, but resection rate is less than 40%. Even in completely resected patients 5-year survival is only 30%. Several reports have evaluated postoperative chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Prospective randomized studies, however, have failed to demonstrate a survival advantage from adjuvant therapy. Neoadjuvant therapy is under investigation in attempt to improve survival of stage III patients. Preliminary data show that neoadjuvant therapy could increase resection rate and improve survival with moderate toxicities. However, there are many problems in study design such as the use of single-arm studies with short duration of follow-up, lack of accurate staging of selected patients and no precise definitions of resectability for stage III disease. Therefore, there is an urgent need for well designed randomized trial to confirm whether neoadjuvant therapy offers a survival advantage on locally advanced stage III disease.