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Methods for pooling results of epidemiologic studies: the Pooling Project of Prospective Studies of Diet and Cancer. 2006
Stephanie A Smith-Warner, and
Donna Spiegelman, and
John Ritz, and
Demetrius Albanes, and
W Lawrence Beeson, and
Leslie Bernstein, and
Franco Berrino, and
Piet A van den Brandt, and
Julie E Buring, and
Eunyoung Cho, and
Graham A Colditz, and
Aaron R Folsom, and
Jo L Freudenheim, and
Edward Giovannucci, and
R Alexandra Goldbohm, and
Saxon Graham, and
Lisa Harnack, and
Pamela L Horn-Ross, and
Vittorio Krogh, and
Michael F Leitzmann, and
Marjorie L McCullough, and
Anthony B Miller, and
Carmen Rodriguez, and
Thomas E Rohan, and
Arthur Schatzkin, and
Roy Shore, and
Mikko Virtanen, and
Walter C Willett, and
Alicja Wolk, and
Anne Zeleniuch-Jacquotte, and
Shumin M Zhang, and
David J Hunter
Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA. pooling@hsphsun2.harvard.edu
With the growing number of epidemiologic publications on the relation between dietary factors and cancer risk, pooled analyses that summarize results from multiple studies are becoming more common. Here, the authors describe the methods being used to summarize data on diet-cancer associations within the ongoing Pooling Project of Prospective Studies of Diet and Cancer, begun in 1991. In the Pooling Project, the primary data from prospective cohort studies meeting prespecified inclusion criteria are analyzed using standardized criteria for modeling of exposure, confounding, and outcome variables. In addition to evaluating main exposure-disease associations, analyses are also conducted to evaluate whether exposure-disease associations are modified by other dietary and nondietary factors or vary among population subgroups or particular cancer subtypes. Study-specific relative risks are calculated using the Cox proportional hazards model and then pooled using a random- or mixed-effects model. The study-specific estimates are weighted by the inverse of their variances in forming summary estimates. Most of the methods used in the Pooling Project may be adapted for examining associations with dietary and nondietary factors in pooled analyses of case-control studies or case-control and cohort studies combined.
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