Biomaterial Database

Rapid evaluation of the efficacy of microbial cell removal from fabrics. 2006

Kohtaro Fujioka, and Ikuko Kozone, and Mikako Saito, and Hideaki Matsuoka

Kobe Technical Center, Procter & Gamble Far East, Inc., 17, Koyo-cho Naka 1-Chome, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-0032, Japan.

The efficacy of microbial cell removal (EMR) from fabrics is a practically important indicator for the evaluation of cleansers and detergents. EMR is expressed quantitatively by the relative number of viable cells remaining on a fabric swatch after the treatment with these reagents. In order to count the viable cells on the swatch directly and rapidly, we have developed a unique microscopic imaging system with an ultra-deep focusing range. Standard swatches of cotton fabric were inoculated with microorganisms such as Pseudomonas fluorescence, Staphylococcus aureus, or Candida albicans. After the incubation on an agar medium, each swatch was treated with a fluorescent glucose, 2-[N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1, 3-diazol-4-yl) amino]-2-deoxyglucose, to stain only viable cells. The images of every cell distributed within the surface layer with no greater than 130 microm thickness could be integrated into one image. Thus visualized cells could be counted automatically by a novel imaging program. Using a pair of cotton swatches (0.5 x 1.0 cm(2)) inoculated with C. albicans, EMR was evaluated quantitatively. Before washing, the total number of viable cells found on the observation area (3.8 x 10(-4 )cm(2)) was 288 cells. After washing with a test detergent, no cell (<1) was detected. For this case, EMR was given by the formula: log(288/<1)=greater than 2.5. The imaging and cell count of a test fabric could be performed within 1 h.

UI	MeSH Term	Description	Entries
D008856	Microscopy, Fluorescence	Microscopy of specimens stained with fluorescent dye (usually fluorescein isothiocyanate) or of naturally fluorescent materials, which emit light when exposed to ultraviolet or blue light. Immunofluorescence microscopy utilizes antibodies that are labeled with fluorescent dye.	Fluorescence Microscopy,Immunofluorescence Microscopy,Microscopy, Immunofluorescence,Fluorescence Microscopies,Immunofluorescence Microscopies,Microscopies, Fluorescence,Microscopies, Immunofluorescence
D009327	4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan	A benzofuran derivative used as a protein reagent since the terminal N-NBD-protein conjugate possesses interesting fluorescence and spectral properties. It has also been used as a covalent inhibitor of both beef heart mitochondrial ATPase and bacterial ATPase.	Chloronitrobenzoxadiazole,NBD Chloride,7-Chloro-4-nitrobenzofurazan,NBF-Cl,Nitrobenzoxadiazole Chloride,4 Chloro 7 nitrobenzofurazan,7 Chloro 4 nitrobenzofurazan,Chloride, NBD,Chloride, Nitrobenzoxadiazole,NBF Cl
D003847	Deoxyglucose	2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.	2-Deoxy-D-glucose,2-Deoxyglucose,2-Desoxy-D-glucose,2 Deoxy D glucose,2 Deoxyglucose,2 Desoxy D glucose
D003902	Detergents	Purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties.	Cleansing Agents,Detergent Pods,Laundry Detergent Pods,Laundry Pods,Syndet,Synthetic Detergent,Agent, Cleansing,Agents, Cleansing,Cleansing Agent,Detergent,Detergent Pod,Detergent Pod, Laundry,Detergent Pods, Laundry,Detergent, Synthetic,Detergents, Synthetic,Laundry Detergent Pod,Laundry Pod,Pod, Detergent,Pod, Laundry,Pod, Laundry Detergent,Pods, Detergent,Pods, Laundry,Pods, Laundry Detergent,Synthetic Detergents
D005456	Fluorescent Dyes	Chemicals that emit light after excitation by light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags.	Flourescent Agent,Fluorescent Dye,Fluorescent Probe,Fluorescent Probes,Fluorochrome,Fluorochromes,Fluorogenic Substrates,Fluorescence Agents,Fluorescent Agents,Fluorogenic Substrate,Agents, Fluorescence,Agents, Fluorescent,Dyes, Fluorescent,Probes, Fluorescent,Substrates, Fluorogenic
D001419	Bacteria	One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.	Eubacteria
D013784	Textiles	Filament or fiber, or the materials generated from them by weaving, embroidery, knitting, crocheting, tufting, or felting such as yarn, thread, cording, rope, netting, lace, or sheets of cloth or fabric.	Textile
D015003	Yeasts	A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE; therapeutic dried yeast is YEAST, DRIED.	Yeast
D032561	Cotton Fiber	A TEXTILE fiber obtained from the pappus (outside the SEEDS) of cotton plant (GOSSYPIUM).	Cotton Fibers,Fiber, Cotton,Fibers, Cotton