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Electron micrographs of 45 sural nerves from patients with acquired (22) or heredodegenerative neuropathy (23) were analysed with respect to the number of unmyelinated nerve fibres, 37 nerves with respect to the number of Schwann cell sub-units and of structures connected with Schwann cells. Findings were compared with those in 6 nerves from control subjects and referred to the total number rather than to the number per mm2 to eliminate error due to increase in the transverse endoneurial area, present in more than half the diseased nerves. Ninety-one per cent of the diseased nerves showed one or several abnormalities in unmyelinated fibres of their Schwann cells. The best indicator of fibre loss was an increase in the number of Schwann cell sub-units devoid of axons, found in more than half the nerves. This was the only abnormality related with decrease in number of myelinated fibres. The increase in number of empty Schwann cell sub-units was due both to loss of unmyelinated nerve fibres and to proliferation of Schwann cells. Proliferation was indicated by the higher incidence of Schwann cell nuclei in cross-sections of diseased nerves than in controls. The earliest sign of involvement was an increase in number of profiles and of small isolated Schwann cell projections, observed in 33 of 37 diseased nerves, as the only abnormality in 7 nerves. The number of unmyelinated nerve fibres by itself was of little value to indicate loss of fibres, since regeneration often replaced or more than replaced degenerated fibres. Regeneration was indicated by an increase in number or incidence of small unmyelinated fibres, present in nearly half of 45 diseased nerves; and by an increased in the total number, present in a third of the nerves. An increase in the number of collagen pockets and of fibres undergoing degeneration (loss of organelles) and a decrease in the number of unmyelinated fibres per Schwann cell sub-units was present in only a quarter to a third of diseased nerves and was not related to other criteria of loss of fibres or of regneration.
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