Chronic headaches: pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment. 2007

L Grazzi, and S Usai, and G Bussone
Centro Cefalee, National Neurological Institute C. Besta, Via Celoria 11, I-20133 Milan, Italy. liciagrazzi@mac.com

Chronic headaches have increasingly become a focus within the field of head pain. Most patients with frequent headache eventually overuse their medications, and when it happens, the diagnosis of medication-overuse headache is clinically important, because patients rarely respond to preventive medications whilst overusing acute medications. Properly treating medication overuse and preventing relapse require recognition of the different factors that contribute to its development and perpetuation, including some behaviours and psychological elements that are important in sustaining the overuse of medication. The different therapeutical approaches, pharmacological and nonpharmacological, initial outcomes and long-term durability of treatment are discussed.

UI MeSH Term Description Entries
D008881 Migraine Disorders A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1) Acute Confusional Migraine,Headache, Migraine,Status Migrainosus,Abdominal Migraine,Cervical Migraine Syndrome,Hemicrania Migraine,Migraine,Migraine Headache,Migraine Variant,Sick Headache,Abdominal Migraines,Acute Confusional Migraines,Cervical Migraine Syndromes,Disorder, Migraine,Disorders, Migraine,Headache, Sick,Headaches, Migraine,Headaches, Sick,Hemicrania Migraines,Migraine Disorder,Migraine Headaches,Migraine Syndrome, Cervical,Migraine Syndromes, Cervical,Migraine Variants,Migraine, Abdominal,Migraine, Acute Confusional,Migraine, Hemicrania,Migraines,Migraines, Abdominal,Migraines, Acute Confusional,Migraines, Hemicrania,Sick Headaches,Variant, Migraine,Variants, Migraine
D010353 Patient Education as Topic The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. Education of Patients,Education, Patient,Patient Education
D006801 Humans Members of the species Homo sapiens. Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man
D000700 Analgesics Compounds capable of relieving pain without the loss of CONSCIOUSNESS. Analgesic,Anodynes,Antinociceptive Agents,Analgesic Agents,Analgesic Drugs,Agents, Analgesic,Agents, Antinociceptive,Drugs, Analgesic
D013375 Substance Withdrawal Syndrome Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug. Drug Withdrawal Symptoms,Withdrawal Symptoms,Drug Withdrawal Symptom,Substance Withdrawal Syndromes,Symptom, Drug Withdrawal,Symptom, Withdrawal,Symptoms, Drug Withdrawal,Symptoms, Withdrawal,Syndrome, Substance Withdrawal,Syndromes, Substance Withdrawal,Withdrawal Symptom,Withdrawal Symptom, Drug,Withdrawal Symptoms, Drug,Withdrawal Syndrome, Substance,Withdrawal Syndromes, Substance
D015984 Causality The relating of causes to the effects they produce. Causes are termed necessary when they must always precede an effect and sufficient when they initiate or produce an effect. Any of several factors may be associated with the potential disease causation or outcome, including predisposing factors, enabling factors, precipitating factors, reinforcing factors, and risk factors. Causation,Enabling Factors,Multifactorial Causality,Multiple Causation,Predisposing Factors,Reinforcing Factors,Causalities,Causalities, Multifactorial,Causality, Multifactorial,Causation, Multiple,Causations,Causations, Multiple,Enabling Factor,Factor, Enabling,Factor, Predisposing,Factor, Reinforcing,Factors, Enabling,Factors, Predisposing,Factors, Reinforcing,Multifactorial Causalities,Multiple Causations,Predisposing Factor,Reinforcing Factor
D055502 Secondary Prevention The prevention of recurrences or exacerbations of a disease or complications of its therapy. Disease Prevention, Secondary,Early Therapy,Relapse Prevention,Secondary Disease Prevention,Disease Preventions, Secondary,Early Therapies,Prevention, Relapse,Prevention, Secondary,Prevention, Secondary Disease,Preventions, Relapse,Preventions, Secondary,Preventions, Secondary Disease,Relapse Preventions,Secondary Disease Preventions,Secondary Preventions,Therapies, Early,Therapy, Early
D018579 Patient Selection Criteria and standards used for the determination of the appropriateness of the inclusion of patients with specific conditions in proposed treatment plans and the criteria used for the inclusion of subjects in various clinical trials and other research protocols. Patient Recruitment,Research Subject Recruitment,Selection Criteria,Research Subject Selection,Selection for Treatment,Selection of Research Volunteers,Selection of Subjects,Criteria, Selection,Recruitment, Patient,Recruitment, Research Subject,Recruitments, Research Subject,Research Subject Recruitments,Research Subject Selections,Research Volunteers Selection,Research Volunteers Selections,Selection for Treatments,Selection, Patient,Selection, Research Subject,Selections, Research Subject,Subject Recruitment, Research,Subject Recruitments, Research,Subject Selection, Research,Subject Selections, Research,Subjects Selection,Subjects Selections,Treatment, Selection for,Treatments, Selection for,Volunteers Selection, Research
D019966 Substance-Related Disorders Disorders related to substance use or abuse. Chemical Dependence,Drug Abuse,Drug Addiction,Drug Dependence,Drug Habituation,Drug Use Disorder,Drug Use Disorders,Organic Mental Disorders, Substance-Induced,Substance Abuse,Substance Dependence,Substance Related Disorder,Substance Use,Substance Use Disorder,Substance Use Disorders,Prescription Drug Abuse,Substance Addiction,Abuse, Drug,Abuse, Prescription Drug,Abuse, Substance,Addiction, Drug,Addiction, Substance,Chemical Dependences,Dependence, Chemical,Dependence, Drug,Dependence, Substance,Dependences, Chemical,Disorder, Drug Use,Disorder, Substance Related,Disorder, Substance Use,Disorders, Substance Related,Drug Abuse, Prescription,Habituation, Drug,Organic Mental Disorders, Substance Induced,Related Disorder, Substance,Related Disorders, Substance,Substance Abuses,Substance Uses,Use, Substance
D020773 Headache Disorders Various conditions with the symptom of HEADACHE. Headache disorders are classified into major groups, such as PRIMARY HEADACHE DISORDERS (based on characteristics of their headache symptoms) and SECONDARY HEADACHE DISORDERS (based on their etiologies). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1) Cephalgia Syndromes,Chronic Headache,Chronic Daily Headache,Headache Syndromes,Headache, Intractable,Cephalgia Syndrome,Chronic Daily Headaches,Chronic Headaches,Daily Headache, Chronic,Daily Headaches, Chronic,Headache Disorder,Headache Syndrome,Headache, Chronic,Headache, Chronic Daily,Headaches, Chronic,Headaches, Chronic Daily,Headaches, Intractable,Intractable Headache,Intractable Headaches,Syndrome, Headache

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