Biomaterial Database

Establishment and differentiation of human embryonic stem cell derived germ cells. 2007

Amander T Clark

Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Program in Development and Stem Cell Biology, University of California at San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. clarka@obgyn.ucsf.edu

Germ cells are absolutely essential for fertility. Aberrant germ cell development can result in abnormal gonadal function, incomplete embryogenesis and infertility, or germ cell tumors. Our understanding of the molecular regulation of normal germ cell development in mammals has progressed significantly due to the utility of the mouse as a genetic model system. However, the molecular regulation of human germ cell development is almost completely unknown due to the historical lack of a malleable model. The purpose of this review is to compare the cell-based events leading up to the specification of the germ cell lineage in both mice and humans and to discuss some of the key signaling pathways that have recently been identified, which regulate germ cell specification. In addition, the new cell-based models for differentiating germ cells from both mouse and human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) will be summarized.

UI	MeSH Term	Description	Entries
D008297	Male		Males
D008954	Models, Biological	Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.	Biological Model,Biological Models,Model, Biological,Models, Biologic,Biologic Model,Biologic Models,Model, Biologic
D002454	Cell Differentiation	Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.	Differentiation, Cell,Cell Differentiations,Differentiations, Cell
D002460	Cell Line	Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.	Cell Lines,Line, Cell,Lines, Cell
D004707	Endoderm	The inner of the three germ layers of an embryo.	Definitive Endoderm,Definitive Endoderms,Endoderm, Definitive,Endoderms
D005260	Female		Females
D005854	Germ Cells	The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms at various stages during GAMETOGENESIS.	Gamete,Gametes,Germ-Line Cells,Germ Line,Cell, Germ,Cell, Germ-Line,Cells, Germ,Cells, Germ-Line,Germ Cell,Germ Line Cells,Germ Lines,Germ-Line Cell
D006801	Humans	Members of the species Homo sapiens.	Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man
D000818	Animals	Unicellular or multicellular, heterotrophic organisms, that have sensation and the power of voluntary movement. Under the older five kingdom paradigm, Animalia was one of the kingdoms. Under the modern three domain model, Animalia represents one of the many groups in the domain EUKARYOTA.	Animal,Metazoa,Animalia
D051379	Mice	The common name for the genus Mus.	Mice, House,Mus,Mus musculus,Mice, Laboratory,Mouse,Mouse, House,Mouse, Laboratory,Mouse, Swiss,Mus domesticus,Mus musculus domesticus,Swiss Mice,House Mice,House Mouse,Laboratory Mice,Laboratory Mouse,Mice, Swiss,Swiss Mouse,domesticus, Mus musculus

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