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Intermittent mechanical loading of articular cartilage explants modulates chondroitin sulfate fine structure. 2007

K Sauerland, and J Steinmeyer
Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Clinics Giessen and Marburg GmbH, Paul-Meimberg-Strasse 3, 35385 Giessen, Germany.

OBJECTIVE Alterations in the sulfation pattern of chondroitin sulfate (CS) chains of proteoglycans have been associated with aging and degeneration of articular cartilage. The purpose of the present study was to investigate systematically the effect of load amplitudes, frequencies and load durations of intermittently applied mechanical pressure on the sulfation of CS chains of cultured bovine articular cartilage explants. METHODS Using a sinusoidal waveform of 0.5 Hz frequency, cyclic compressive pressure of 0.1-1.0 MPa was applied for 10s followed by a period of unloading lasting 10-1000 s. These intermittent loading protocols were repeated for a total duration of 1-6 days. Newly synthesized as well as endogenous CS chains were isolated, depolymerized and subsequently quantitated after fractionation by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography. RESULTS Increasing the mechanical demands on cartilage explants by elevating either the duration or the frequency of loading can significantly alter the fine structure of newly synthesized CS in that less chains terminate on galNAc4,6S and, in that simultaneously the ratio of the internal disaccharides DeltaDi6S to DeltaDi4S is increased. Similar results were obtained with explants being slightly mechanically challenged by low magnitudes of loads. CONCLUSIONS Our data show for the first time that intermittent loading of articular cartilage explants can significantly alter the sulfation pattern of the terminal CS residues as well as of the internal disaccharides. Furthermore, our results indicate that explants possess a physiological window of stress in which they are able to produce also a normal extracellular matrix.

UI MeSH Term Description Entries
D011509 Proteoglycans Glycoproteins which have a very high polysaccharide content. Proteoglycan,Proteoglycan Type H
D002358 Cartilage, Articular A protective layer of firm, flexible cartilage over the articulating ends of bones. It provides a smooth surface for joint movement, protecting the ends of long bones from wear at points of contact. Articular Cartilage,Articular Cartilages,Cartilages, Articular
D002417 Cattle Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor. Beef Cow,Bos grunniens,Bos indicus,Bos indicus Cattle,Bos taurus,Cow,Cow, Domestic,Dairy Cow,Holstein Cow,Indicine Cattle,Taurine Cattle,Taurus Cattle,Yak,Zebu,Beef Cows,Bos indicus Cattles,Cattle, Bos indicus,Cattle, Indicine,Cattle, Taurine,Cattle, Taurus,Cattles, Bos indicus,Cattles, Indicine,Cattles, Taurine,Cattles, Taurus,Cow, Beef,Cow, Dairy,Cow, Holstein,Cows,Dairy Cows,Domestic Cow,Domestic Cows,Indicine Cattles,Taurine Cattles,Taurus Cattles,Yaks,Zebus
D002809 Chondroitin Sulfates Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate. Chondroitin 4-Sulfate,Chondroitin 6-Sulfate,Chondroitin Sulfate A,Chondroitin Sulfate C,Blutal,Chondroitin 4-Sulfate, Aluminum Salt,Chondroitin 4-Sulfate, Potassium Salt,Chondroitin 6-Sulfate, Potassium Salt,Chondroitin 6-Sulfate, Sodium Salt,Chondroitin Sulfate,Chondroitin Sulfate 4-Sulfate, Sodium Salt,Chondroitin Sulfate, Calcium Salt,Chondroitin Sulfate, Iron (+3) Salt,Chondroitin Sulfate, Iron Salt,Chondroitin Sulfate, Potassium Salt,Chondroitin Sulfate, Sodium Salt,Chondroitin Sulfate, Zinc Salt,Chonsurid,Sodium Chondroitin Sulfate,Translagen,Chondroitin 4 Sulfate,Chondroitin 4 Sulfate, Aluminum Salt,Chondroitin 4 Sulfate, Potassium Salt,Chondroitin 6 Sulfate,Chondroitin 6 Sulfate, Potassium Salt,Chondroitin 6 Sulfate, Sodium Salt,Chondroitin Sulfate 4 Sulfate, Sodium Salt,Chondroitin Sulfate, Sodium,Sulfate, Chondroitin,Sulfate, Sodium Chondroitin,Sulfates, Chondroitin
D002852 Chromatography, Ion Exchange Separation technique in which the stationary phase consists of ion exchange resins. The resins contain loosely held small ions that easily exchange places with other small ions of like charge present in solutions washed over the resins. Chromatography, Ion-Exchange,Ion-Exchange Chromatography,Chromatographies, Ion Exchange,Chromatographies, Ion-Exchange,Ion Exchange Chromatographies,Ion Exchange Chromatography,Ion-Exchange Chromatographies
D004187 Disaccharides Oligosaccharides containing two monosaccharide units linked by a glycosidic bond. Disaccharide
D005109 Extracellular Matrix A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. Matrix, Extracellular,Extracellular Matrices,Matrices, Extracellular
D000818 Animals Unicellular or multicellular, heterotrophic organisms, that have sensation and the power of voluntary movement. Under the older five kingdom paradigm, Animalia was one of the kingdoms. Under the modern three domain model, Animalia represents one of the many groups in the domain EUKARYOTA. Animal,Metazoa,Animalia
D001696 Biomechanical Phenomena The properties, processes, and behavior of biological systems under the action of mechanical forces. Biomechanics,Kinematics,Biomechanic Phenomena,Mechanobiological Phenomena,Biomechanic,Biomechanic Phenomenas,Phenomena, Biomechanic,Phenomena, Biomechanical,Phenomena, Mechanobiological,Phenomenas, Biomechanic
D015238 Sulfotransferases Enzymes which transfer sulfate groups to various acceptor molecules. They are involved in posttranslational sulfation of proteins and sulfate conjugation of exogenous chemicals and bile acids. EC 2.8.2. Sulfotransferase

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