Chronic hepatitis B or C can cause severe liver diseases such as liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Both viral infections together especially hepatitis c virus infection (HCV) are the mayor indication for liver transplantation in Western Europe and the United States. Recurrence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) or HCV infection after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) plays a key role for the outcome after liver transplantation concerning patient and graft survival rates. Allograft dysfunctions, cirrhosis of the allograft and graft failure are major complications after recurrent viral hepatitis. The survival after liver transplantation for HBV-related liver disease changed dramatically during the last two decades with results today comparable with non-HBV-related liver transplantations. Availability of immunoprophylaxis with hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) as well as nucleoside/nucleotide analogues like lamivudine or adefovir in the pre- and post-transplant setting conferred to significant better results due to an efficient prophylaxis and the possibility of therapy of HBV reinfection of the allograft. New drugs such as entecavir, tenofovir and telbivudine for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B infections may offer even more opportunities in the transplant setting. In contrast, despite recent achievements in the treatment of HCV infection with pegylated interferons and ribavirin, patients with HCV cirrhosis or after liver transplantation are difficult to treat. Sustained virological response (SVR) rates in prophylactic and therapeutic approaches of HCV reinfection after OLT are only low compared to the pre-cirrhotic HCV infection. Moreover, best treatment duration and dosage of recurrent HCV infection with pegylated interferon in combination with ribavirin remains to be defined.