Nearly half the patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion have maxillary deficiency as the major component of their problem, and modern surgical techniques allow maxillary osteotomy to correct the deformity. Changes at surgery and postsurgically were studied in 49 patients who underwent isolated surgical maxillary advancement. Thirty-one had wire osteosynthesis and maxillomandibular fixation, and 18 had rigid fixation with bone plates. In nearly half the patients, the maxilla was moved down as well as forward, indicating that the patient had both vertical and anteroposterior deficiency. In the anteroposterior plane, 80% of the patients had excellent stability at 1 year, while 20% had 2 to 4 mm of posterior movement of anterior maxillary landmarks. There was no difference in anteroposterior stability between wire/maxillomandibular fixation and rigid internal fixation groups. When the maxilla was moved down as well as forward, there was a strong tendency for relapse upward in both fixation groups. As a result, the chin frequently became more prominent from immediate postsurgery to 1-year followup, as upward movement of the maxilla allowed the mandible to rotate upward and forward.