The distribution of nerve cell bodies and fibres in the canine stomach was investigated using antibodies to the general neuronal marker, neuron-specific enolase. Prominent ganglia containing many reactive nerve cells were found in the myenteric plexus of the gastric corpus and antrum. Nerve cells were absent from the submucosa of the corpus and were extremely rare in the antrum. Removal of areas of longitudinal muscle and myenteric plexus from the corpus (myectomy), with 7 days allowed for axon degeneration, resulted in the loss of fibres reactive for galanin, gastrin-releasing peptide, substance P and vasoactive intestinal peptide from both the circular muscle and mucosa in the area covered by the lesion. Combined vagotomy and sympathetic denervation did not significantly affect these fibres, but did cause fibres reactive for calcitonin gene-related peptide to degenerate. It is concluded that the myenteric plexus of the gastric corpus, like the myenteric plexus of the small intestine and colon, is the source of nerve fibres innervating the circular muscle, but, in contrast to other regions of the gastrointestinal tract, myenteric ganglia, not submucous ganglia, are the major, or sole, source of the intrinsic innervation of the mucosa.