Fluorography is now the basic method for active detection of tuberculosis and other diseases of the thoracic organs and its detection amounts to 65% of active tuberculosis patients. There has been a tendency to decrease the number of individuals undergoing prophylactic fluorographic examination in the past 3-4 years, which is due to diverse reasons which can be united into 3 main groups. Recommendations are given on the differentiated rate of fluorographic examinations in relation to the incidence rates and socioeconomic conditions of a region. Factors are presented, which form the basis for forming population groups at a high risk for tuberculosis. Data are given on the development of a fluoromobile and a low-dose fluorograph of new design in the USSR, which provides high-grade fluorograms at a radiation load per patient 10 times less than the routine fluorographs.