Two groups of rats underwent adrenal demedullation or sham surgery before being trained to run in a straight runaway for food reward at a short intertrial interval (90 s). Half of each group of animals were then injected IP with the sympathetic neurotoxin, 6-hydroxydopamine HBr (6-OHDA; 30 mg/kg); the remainder received saline vehicle. After 3 more days of acquisition training, running was extinguished over 12 trials in all rats. Running times were similar in all groups at the start of extinction. In saline-injected animals, extinction proceeded more slowly in the demedullated than in the sham-operated group, but this effect was largely abolished by 6-OHDA. Consistent with previous results, there was evidence that 6-OHDA facilitated extinction, irrespective of adrenal demedullation, but this effect was most apparent in the time taken to emerge from the start-box. The rats were killed two days after the end of the experiment; cardiac noradrenaline levels were depleted by 83% of control values in 6-OHDA-treated animals. The results suggest that the adrenal medulla and sympathetic neurones have opposing and interacting effects on the response to nonreward.