The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of growth and differentiation factor-9 (GDF-9) on the survival and activation of preantral follicles, as well as their subsequent progression to secondary follicles, using goat ovarian cortical culture in vitro. Pieces of ovarian cortex were cultured for 1 and 7 days in minimum essential medium (MEM) with or without different concentrations of GDF-9 (1-200 ng mL(-1)). On Day 0 and after 1 and 7 days of culture, cortical pieces were fixed for histological and transmission electron microscopy evaluation. Preantral follicles were classified according to their development stage (primordial, intermediate, primary and secondary) and on the basis of morphological features (normal or degenerated). In addition, follicular and oocyte diameters were determined before and after culture. The results showed that, compared with non-cultured cortical tissue (Day 0), the culture of ovarian tissue significantly reduced (P < 0.05) the percentage of normal follicles in all media tested, except for tissue cultured in the presence of 200 ng mL(-1) GDF-9. Furthermore, in all media tested, the percentage of primordial follicles was significantly reduced (P < 0.05), with a concomitant increase in the percentage of developing follicles. The highest percentage of secondary follicles was observed after 7 days of culture in MEM plus 200 ng mL(-1) GDF-9. At all concentrations of GDF-9 tested, follicular diameter increased significantly after 7 days of culture compared with non-cultured cortical tissue. In conclusion, the results of the present study indicate that 200 ng mL(-1) GDF-9 maintains the survival of preantral follicles and promotes activation of primordial follicles. Furthermore, GDF-9 stimulates the transition from primary to secondary follicles, maintaining ultrastructural integrity of the follicles.