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Phylogenetic aspects of pancreastatin- and chromogranin-like immunoreactive cells in the gastro-entero-pancreatic neuroendocrine system of vertebrates. 1991

M Reinecke, and A Höög, and C G Ostenson, and S Efendic, and L Grimelius, and S Falkmer
Department of Tumor Pathology, Karolinska Institute and Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.

Using a battery of region-specific antisera raised against different amino acid sequences of pancreastatin (Pst) (Pst-1-6, Pst-1-17, Pst-14-49, Pst-33-49) as well as two antisera raised against chromogranin (Cg) A and CgA/B and the biotin-avidin technique, the phylogenetic distribution of Pst-immunoreactive (-IR) and Cg-IR cells was studied in the gastroentero-pancreatic (GEP) neuroendocrine system. The investigation was carried out with representatives of all vertebrate classes as well as with the protochordates Branchiostoma lanceolatum and Ciona intestinalis. The study revealed the presence of Pst-IR and Cg-IR cells in the gastro-intestinal mucosal epithelium as well as in the islet parenchyma of all vertebrates studied with the only exception found in rat. In the rat GEP system unequivocal immunoreactions were obtained only by the use of antiserum CgA/B. In the gastro-intestinal tract of the deuterostomian invertebrates no Pst-IR or Cg-IR cells could be observed with any of our antisera. Whether this might indicate that Pst-like or Cg-like peptides are characteristic for vertebrates or, more likely, whether similar proteins/peptides might be present in the alimentary tract of protochordates which do not react with the antisera at hand, remains to be clarified. Thouh pronounced interspecies and some intraspecies differences were found, several general conclusions can be drawn. In all vertebrate species, the Pst-IR and Cg-IR cells observed in the mucosal epithelium of the gastro-intestinal tract showed an endocrine structure and were of the so-called open type. The Pst and the Cg antisera which gave immunoreactions with parenchymal cells in the islets of Langerhans also reacted with cells in the epithelium of the pancreatic ducts. Comparative analysis of the reaction properties of the region-specific antisera used indicated that the Pst-like material in the islet cells of the cartilaginous fish species studied seems to be "mammalian-like," whereas it appears to be different in the other (phylogenetically younger) submammalian vertebrates. In addition, the Pst-like peptides in the gastro-intestinal mucosal epithelium and in those in the islets seem to differ in most submammalians. Finally, in the pyloric-duodenal junction of the quail (Coturnix c. japonica) the presence of a so far unknown peptide of the Cg family is presumed. In general, our results seem to indicate that the phylogeny of Pst-like and Cg-like peptides is not as "straight" as those which have been demonstrated for several other neurohormonal peptides.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

UI MeSH Term Description Entries
D007106 Immune Sera Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by ANTIGEN injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen. Antisera,Immune Serums,Sera, Immune,Serums, Immune
D007413 Intestinal Mucosa Lining of the INTESTINES, consisting of an inner EPITHELIUM, a middle LAMINA PROPRIA, and an outer MUSCULARIS MUCOSAE. In the SMALL INTESTINE, the mucosa is characterized by a series of folds and abundance of absorptive cells (ENTEROCYTES) with MICROVILLI. Intestinal Epithelium,Intestinal Glands,Epithelium, Intestinal,Gland, Intestinal,Glands, Intestinal,Intestinal Gland,Mucosa, Intestinal
D007515 Islets of Langerhans Irregular microscopic structures consisting of cords of endocrine cells that are scattered throughout the PANCREAS among the exocrine acini. Each islet is surrounded by connective tissue fibers and penetrated by a network of capillaries. There are four major cell types. The most abundant beta cells (50-80%) secrete INSULIN. Alpha cells (5-20%) secrete GLUCAGON. PP cells (10-35%) secrete PANCREATIC POLYPEPTIDE. Delta cells (~5%) secrete SOMATOSTATIN. Islands of Langerhans,Islet Cells,Nesidioblasts,Pancreas, Endocrine,Pancreatic Islets,Cell, Islet,Cells, Islet,Endocrine Pancreas,Islet Cell,Islet, Pancreatic,Islets, Pancreatic,Langerhans Islands,Langerhans Islets,Nesidioblast,Pancreatic Islet
D008116 Lizards Reptiles within the order Squamata that generally possess limbs, moveable EYELIDS, and EXTERNAL EAR openings, although there are some species which lack one or more of these structures. Chameleons,Geckos,Chameleon,Gecko,Lizard
D008322 Mammals Warm-blooded vertebrate animals belonging to the class Mammalia, including all that possess hair and suckle their young. Mammalia,Mammal
D009490 Neurosecretory Systems A system of NEURONS that has the specialized function to produce and secrete HORMONES, and that constitutes, in whole or in part, an ENDOCRINE SYSTEM or organ. Neuroendocrine System,Neuroendocrine Systems,Neurosecretory System,System, Neuroendocrine,System, Neurosecretory,Systems, Neuroendocrine,Systems, Neurosecretory
D010187 Pancreatic Hormones Peptide hormones secreted into the blood by cells in the ISLETS OF LANGERHANS of the pancreas. The alpha cells secrete glucagon; the beta cells secrete insulin; the delta cells secrete somatostatin; and the PP cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide. Hormones, Pancreatic
D010802 Phylogeny The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup. Community Phylogenetics,Molecular Phylogenetics,Phylogenetic Analyses,Phylogenetic Analysis,Phylogenetic Clustering,Phylogenetic Comparative Analysis,Phylogenetic Comparative Methods,Phylogenetic Distance,Phylogenetic Generalized Least Squares,Phylogenetic Groups,Phylogenetic Incongruence,Phylogenetic Inference,Phylogenetic Networks,Phylogenetic Reconstruction,Phylogenetic Relatedness,Phylogenetic Relationships,Phylogenetic Signal,Phylogenetic Structure,Phylogenetic Tree,Phylogenetic Trees,Phylogenomics,Analyse, Phylogenetic,Analysis, Phylogenetic,Analysis, Phylogenetic Comparative,Clustering, Phylogenetic,Community Phylogenetic,Comparative Analysis, Phylogenetic,Comparative Method, Phylogenetic,Distance, Phylogenetic,Group, Phylogenetic,Incongruence, Phylogenetic,Inference, Phylogenetic,Method, Phylogenetic Comparative,Molecular Phylogenetic,Network, Phylogenetic,Phylogenetic Analyse,Phylogenetic Clusterings,Phylogenetic Comparative Analyses,Phylogenetic Comparative Method,Phylogenetic Distances,Phylogenetic Group,Phylogenetic Incongruences,Phylogenetic Inferences,Phylogenetic Network,Phylogenetic Reconstructions,Phylogenetic Relatednesses,Phylogenetic Relationship,Phylogenetic Signals,Phylogenetic Structures,Phylogenetic, Community,Phylogenetic, Molecular,Phylogenies,Phylogenomic,Reconstruction, Phylogenetic,Relatedness, Phylogenetic,Relationship, Phylogenetic,Signal, Phylogenetic,Structure, Phylogenetic,Tree, Phylogenetic
D011893 Rana esculenta An edible species of the family Ranidae, occurring in Europe and used extensively in biomedical research. Commonly referred to as "edible frog". Pelophylax esculentus
D002864 Chromogranins A group of acidic proteins that are major components of SECRETORY GRANULES in the endocrine and neuroendocrine cells. They play important roles in the aggregation, packaging, sorting, and processing of secretory protein prior to secretion. They are cleaved to release biologically active peptides. There are various types of granins, usually classified by their sources. Chromogranin,Granin,Secretogranin,Secretogranins,Granins

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