Optimal management of chronic heart failure in patients with chronic kidney disease. 2009

Donah Zachariah, and Philip A Kalra, and Paul R Kalra
Department of Cardiology, Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Portsmouth, UK. donahez@hotmail.com

Chronic kidney disease and chronic heart failure are closely interlinked; an abnormality in one system adversely impacts upon the function of the other. Despite the wealth of evidence available for beneficial treatment strategies in chronic heart failure, the prognosis remains poor and optimum therapy under-utilised. The applicability of proven therapies to patients with co-morbidity remains a particular challenge, especially since marked renal impairment has often been an exclusion criteria in major studies. In this article we discuss the epidemiology and pathophysiology of the two conditions and then focus on the aspects of treatment most pertinent to those patients with heart failure patients and concomitant chronic kidney disease.

UI MeSH Term Description Entries
D002317 Cardiovascular Agents Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume. Cardioactive Agent,Cardioactive Drug,Cardiovascular Agent,Cardiovascular Drug,Cardioactive Agents,Cardioactive Drugs,Cardiovascular Drugs,Agent, Cardioactive,Agent, Cardiovascular,Drug, Cardioactive,Drug, Cardiovascular
D006333 Heart Failure A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION. Cardiac Failure,Heart Decompensation,Congestive Heart Failure,Heart Failure, Congestive,Heart Failure, Left-Sided,Heart Failure, Right-Sided,Left-Sided Heart Failure,Myocardial Failure,Right-Sided Heart Failure,Decompensation, Heart,Heart Failure, Left Sided,Heart Failure, Right Sided,Left Sided Heart Failure,Right Sided Heart Failure
D006801 Humans Members of the species Homo sapiens. Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man
D000319 Adrenergic beta-Antagonists Drugs that bind to but do not activate beta-adrenergic receptors thereby blocking the actions of beta-adrenergic agonists. Adrenergic beta-antagonists are used for treatment of hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, angina pectoris, glaucoma, migraine headaches, and anxiety. Adrenergic beta-Antagonist,Adrenergic beta-Receptor Blockader,Adrenergic beta-Receptor Blockaders,beta-Adrenergic Antagonist,beta-Adrenergic Blocker,beta-Adrenergic Blocking Agent,beta-Adrenergic Blocking Agents,beta-Adrenergic Receptor Blockader,beta-Adrenergic Receptor Blockaders,beta-Adrenoceptor Antagonist,beta-Blockers, Adrenergic,beta-Adrenergic Antagonists,beta-Adrenergic Blockers,beta-Adrenoceptor Antagonists,Adrenergic beta Antagonist,Adrenergic beta Antagonists,Adrenergic beta Receptor Blockader,Adrenergic beta Receptor Blockaders,Adrenergic beta-Blockers,Agent, beta-Adrenergic Blocking,Agents, beta-Adrenergic Blocking,Antagonist, beta-Adrenergic,Antagonist, beta-Adrenoceptor,Antagonists, beta-Adrenergic,Antagonists, beta-Adrenoceptor,Blockader, Adrenergic beta-Receptor,Blockader, beta-Adrenergic Receptor,Blockaders, Adrenergic beta-Receptor,Blockaders, beta-Adrenergic Receptor,Blocker, beta-Adrenergic,Blockers, beta-Adrenergic,Blocking Agent, beta-Adrenergic,Blocking Agents, beta-Adrenergic,Receptor Blockader, beta-Adrenergic,Receptor Blockaders, beta-Adrenergic,beta Adrenergic Antagonist,beta Adrenergic Antagonists,beta Adrenergic Blocker,beta Adrenergic Blockers,beta Adrenergic Blocking Agent,beta Adrenergic Blocking Agents,beta Adrenergic Receptor Blockader,beta Adrenergic Receptor Blockaders,beta Adrenoceptor Antagonist,beta Adrenoceptor Antagonists,beta Blockers, Adrenergic,beta-Antagonist, Adrenergic,beta-Antagonists, Adrenergic,beta-Receptor Blockader, Adrenergic,beta-Receptor Blockaders, Adrenergic
D000451 Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists Drugs that bind to and block the activation of MINERALOCORTICOID RECEPTORS by MINERALOCORTICOIDS such as ALDOSTERONE. Aldosterone Antagonist,Aldosterone Antagonists,Aldosterone Receptor Antagonist,Mineralocorticoid Antagonist,Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonist,Aldosterone Receptor Antagonists,Mineralocorticoid Antagonists,Antagonist, Aldosterone,Antagonist, Aldosterone Receptor,Antagonist, Mineralocorticoid,Antagonist, Mineralocorticoid Receptor,Antagonists, Aldosterone,Antagonists, Aldosterone Receptor,Antagonists, Mineralocorticoid,Antagonists, Mineralocorticoid Receptor,Receptor Antagonist, Aldosterone,Receptor Antagonist, Mineralocorticoid,Receptor Antagonists, Aldosterone,Receptor Antagonists, Mineralocorticoid
D000806 Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors A class of drugs whose main indications are the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. They exert their hemodynamic effect mainly by inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system. They also modulate sympathetic nervous system activity and increase prostaglandin synthesis. They cause mainly vasodilation and mild natriuresis without affecting heart rate and contractility. ACE Inhibitor,ACE Inhibitors,Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor,Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor,Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor,Kininase II Inhibitor,Kininase II Inhibitors,Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors,Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Antagonists,Antagonists, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme,Antagonists, Kininase II,Inhibitors, ACE,Inhibitors, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme,Inhibitors, Kininase II,Kininase II Antagonists,Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Antagonists,Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors,Angiotensin I Converting Enzyme Inhibitor,Angiotensin I Converting Enzyme Inhibitors,Antagonists, Angiotensin Converting Enzyme,Enzyme Antagonists, Angiotensin-Converting,Enzyme Inhibitor, Angiotensin-Converting,Enzyme Inhibitors, Angiotensin-Converting,II Inhibitor, Kininase,Inhibitor, ACE,Inhibitor, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme,Inhibitor, Kininase II,Inhibitors, Angiotensin Converting Enzyme
D015897 Comorbidity The presence of co-existing or additional diseases with reference to an initial diagnosis or with reference to the index condition that is the subject of study. Comorbidity may affect the ability of affected individuals to function and also their survival; it may be used as a prognostic indicator for length of hospital stay, cost factors, and outcome or survival.
D047228 Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers Agents that antagonize ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR. Included are ANGIOTENSIN II analogs such as SARALASIN and biphenylimidazoles such as LOSARTAN. Some are used as ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS. Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Antagonist,Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blocker,Sartan,Angiotensin 2 Type 1 Receptor Antagonists,Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Antagonists,Sartans,Selective Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists,Type 1 Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists,Type 1 Angiotensin Receptor Blockers
D051436 Renal Insufficiency, Chronic Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002) Kidney Insufficiency, Chronic,Chronic Kidney Diseases,Chronic Kidney Insufficiency,Chronic Renal Diseases,Chronic Renal Insufficiency,Chronic Kidney Disease,Chronic Kidney Insufficiencies,Chronic Renal Disease,Chronic Renal Insufficiencies,Disease, Chronic Kidney,Disease, Chronic Renal,Diseases, Chronic Kidney,Diseases, Chronic Renal,Kidney Disease, Chronic,Kidney Diseases, Chronic,Kidney Insufficiencies, Chronic,Renal Disease, Chronic,Renal Diseases, Chronic,Renal Insufficiencies, Chronic

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