Biomaterial Database

[Recent advances in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis]. 2009

Kimito Kawabata, and Kazuhiko Yamamoto

Division of Allergy and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Tokyo Hospital.

Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory polyarthritis and is thought to be an autoimmune, multifactorial and polygenic disease. Recent studies have uncovered many important players in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Immune cells, mesenchymal cells, and bone-associated cells are all involved in the pathogenesis and are closely related with each other. The genetic predisposition to rheumatoid arthritis is confirmed by many family studies and HLA association studies. Genome-wide disease association studies identified genetic risk foci, such as HLA-DRB1, PADI4, and PTPN22. In addition to the genetic contribution, environmental factors are increasingly recognized. Many studies revealed that smoking is a risk factor for rheumatoid arthritis. The role of B and T lymphocytes in the pathogenesis has been reevaluated by biological agents such as rituximab (anti-CD20 antibody) and abatacept (CTLA4-Ig) , respectively. T cells in rheumatoid arthritis have been shown to have the altered level of surface molecules such as CD28, cytokine pattern shift, and shortened telomere lengths. Moreover, telomere loss is recognized not only in lymphocytes but also in hematopoietic progenitor cells. This phenomenon and the presence of rheumatoid-specific anti-citrullinated protein antibodies are reported to be associated with HLA haplotypes.

UI	MeSH Term	Description	Entries
D008214	Lymphocytes	White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each), or NATURAL KILLER CELLS.	Lymphoid Cells,Cell, Lymphoid,Cells, Lymphoid,Lymphocyte,Lymphoid Cell
D006684	HLA-DR Antigens	A subclass of HLA-D antigens that consist of alpha and beta chains. The inheritance of HLA-DR antigens differs from that of the HLA-DQ ANTIGENS and HLA-DP ANTIGENS.	HLA-DR,Antigens, HLA-DR,HLA DR Antigens
D006801	Humans	Members of the species Homo sapiens.	Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man
D006867	Hydrolases	Any member of the class of enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of the substrate and the addition of water to the resulting molecules, e.g., ESTERASES, glycosidases (GLYCOSIDE HYDROLASES), lipases, NUCLEOTIDASES, peptidases (PEPTIDE HYDROLASES), and phosphatases (PHOSPHORIC MONOESTER HYDROLASES). EC 3.	Hydrolase
D000069283	Rituximab	A murine-derived monoclonal antibody and ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT that binds specifically to the CD20 ANTIGEN and is used in the treatment of LEUKEMIA; LYMPHOMA and RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.	CD20 Antibody, Rituximab,GP2013,IDEC-C2B8,IDEC-C2B8 Antibody,Mabthera,Rituxan,IDEC C2B8,IDEC C2B8 Antibody,Rituximab CD20 Antibody
D000069594	Abatacept	A fusion protein immunoconjugate of the extracellular domain of CTLA4 and the Fc domain of human IgG1. It functions as a T-cell co-stimulation blocker that inhibits TNF-ALPHA and prevents the activation of T-LYMPHOCYTES. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.	BMS 188667,BMS-188667,BMS-224818,BMS224818,Belatacept,CTLA-4-Ig,CTLA4-Fc,CTLA4-Ig,CTLA4-Ig Immunoconjugate,Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte-Associated Antigen 4-Immunoglobulin,LEA29Y,Nulojix,Orencia,BMS 224818,BMS188667,CTLA4 Ig Immunoconjugate,Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Associated Antigen 4 Immunoglobulin,Immunoconjugate, CTLA4-Ig
D000076342	Protein-Arginine Deiminases	A family of ENZYMES that, in the presence of calcium ion, converts ARGININE to CITRULLINE in proteins. There are five PAD isotypes in mammals. In humans: they include PAD1, 2, 3, 4 and 6. They are encoded by five paralogous genes named PADI and clustered on human chromosome 1.	Peptidylarginine Deiminase,Peptidylarginine Deiminases,Protein-Arginine Deiminase,Protein-L-Arginine Iminohydrolase,Protein-L-Arginine Iminohydrolases,Deiminase, Peptidylarginine,Deiminase, Protein-Arginine,Deiminases, Peptidylarginine,Deiminases, Protein-Arginine,Iminohydrolase, Protein-L-Arginine,Iminohydrolases, Protein-L-Arginine,Protein Arginine Deiminase,Protein Arginine Deiminases,Protein L Arginine Iminohydrolase,Protein L Arginine Iminohydrolases
D000080002	Protein-Arginine Deiminase Type 4	A histone modification enzyme, which converts both ARGININE and monomethyl-arginine to CITRULLINE. It is one of several protein-arginine deiminase isoenzymes. It is a gene regulator involved in APOPTOSIS and CELL DIFFERENTIATION and a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of a variety of diseases.	PAD V Enzyme,PADI4 Protein,PADI5 Protein,Peptidyl Arginine Deiminase Type 4,Peptidyl Arginine Deiminase Type IV,Peptidylarginine Deiminase IV,Peptidylarginine Deiminase Type 4,Peptidylarginine Deiminase Type IV,Peptidylarginine Deiminase V,Protein Arginine Deiminase 4,Protein Arginine Deiminase Type 4,Protein Arginine Deiminase Type IV,Protein-Arginine Deiminase Type IV
D000911	Antibodies, Monoclonal	Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.	Monoclonal Antibodies,Monoclonal Antibody,Antibody, Monoclonal
D001172	Arthritis, Rheumatoid	A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.	Rheumatoid Arthritis