During the last decade, outpatient protocols have been developed for antepartum fetal assessment in pregnancies complicated by diabetes mellitus. This approach has been associated with a markedly reduced cost of health care and emotional stress for patients and their families attributable to lengthy hospitalization. These programs have used primarily biophysical testing, with twice weekly NSTs followed by a CST or biophysical profile when necessary. Most recently, Doppler studies have been investigated as a method for identifying fetal compromise. Maternal assessment of fetal activity can be used as a screening test in most surveillance programs. Essential to the success of these protocols has been our ability to monitor maternal glycemia and to maintain glucose levels in the physiologic range through aggressive therapy with insulin and diet. Reassuring tests of fetal condition are present in most diabetic women and therefore permit fetal maturation to take place before delivery.