Biomaterial Database

Retinoic acid and limb regeneration. 1990

J P Brockes

Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, London.

A key problem in the study of vertebrate development is to determine the molecular basis of positional value along a developmental axis. In amphibian regeneration, retinoic acid is able to respecify positional value in a graded fashion that is dependent on its concentration. In view of the fact that retinoic acid is a naturally occurring metabolite of vitamin A, this raises the possibility that it is deployed in vivo as an endogenous morphogen. Furthermore, the recent evidence that its effects are mediated by nuclear receptors of the steroid/thyroid hormone superfamily suggests the possibility of understanding the mechanism of its graded effects on morphogenesis. Such insights would be of crucial importance for our understanding of vertebrate patterning along an axis.

UI	MeSH Term	Description	Entries
D009024	Morphogenesis	The development of anatomical structures to create the form of a single- or multi-cell organism. Morphogenesis provides form changes of a part, parts, or the whole organism.
D012038	Regeneration	The physiological renewal, repair, or replacement of tissue.	Endogenous Regeneration,Regeneration, Endogenous,Regenerations
D002352	Carrier Proteins	Proteins that bind or transport specific substances in the blood, within the cell, or across cell membranes.	Binding Proteins,Carrier Protein,Transport Protein,Transport Proteins,Binding Protein,Protein, Carrier,Proteins, Carrier
D002478	Cells, Cultured	Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.	Cultured Cells,Cell, Cultured,Cultured Cell
D005121	Extremities	The farthest or outermost projections of the body, such as the HAND and FOOT.	Limbs,Extremity,Limb
D006801	Humans	Members of the species Homo sapiens.	Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man
D000663	Amphibians	VERTEBRATES belonging to the class amphibia such as frogs, toads, newts and salamanders that live in a semiaquatic environment.	Amphibia,Amphibian
D000818	Animals	Unicellular or multicellular, heterotrophic organisms, that have sensation and the power of voluntary movement. Under the older five kingdom paradigm, Animalia was one of the kingdoms. Under the modern three domain model, Animalia represents one of the many groups in the domain EUKARYOTA.	Animal,Metazoa,Animalia
D014212	Tretinoin	An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).	Retinoic Acid,Vitamin A Acid,Retin-A,Tretinoin Potassium Salt,Tretinoin Sodium Salt,Tretinoin Zinc Salt,Vesanoid,all-trans-Retinoic Acid,beta-all-trans-Retinoic Acid,trans-Retinoic Acid,Acid, Retinoic,Acid, Vitamin A,Acid, all-trans-Retinoic,Acid, beta-all-trans-Retinoic,Acid, trans-Retinoic,Potassium Salt, Tretinoin,Retin A,Salt, Tretinoin Potassium,Salt, Tretinoin Sodium,Salt, Tretinoin Zinc,Sodium Salt, Tretinoin,Zinc Salt, Tretinoin,all trans Retinoic Acid,beta all trans Retinoic Acid,trans Retinoic Acid
D015870	Gene Expression	The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.	Expression, Gene,Expressions, Gene,Gene Expressions