Mechanisms of sleep-wake cycle modulation. 2009

Eric Murillo-Rodríguez, and Oscar Arias-Carrión, and Katya Sanguino-Rodríguez, and Mauricio González-Arias, and Reyes Haro
Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas, División de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, Yucatán, México. emurillo@servidor.unam.mx

Regulation of the sleep-waking cycle is complex, involving multiple neurological circuits and diverse endogenous molecules. Interplay among assorted neuroanatomical and neurochemical systems such as acetylcholine, dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin, histamine, and hypocretin maintain the waking (W) state. The sleep-onset is governed by the interacting forces of the sleep drive, which steadily increases with duration of W, and circadian fluctuations. Sleep-promoting neurons located in the anterior hypothalamus release GABA and inhibit wake-promoting regions in the hypothalamus and brainstem and participate in the generation of slow wave sleep (SWS). During rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, brainstem regions typically inhibited during W and SWS become active. In this regard, ascending projections from cholinergic neurons in the brainstem activate the thalamus which in turn increases the firing of the neurons in the cortex. Finally, sleep-promoting substances that accumulate in the brain during natural or prolonged W implicate a further complexity in the mechanism of modulation of the sleep-wake cycle. This review provides a broad understanding of our present knowledge in the field of sleep research.

UI MeSH Term Description Entries
D008959 Models, Neurological Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of the neurological system, processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment. Neurologic Models,Model, Neurological,Neurologic Model,Neurological Model,Neurological Models,Model, Neurologic,Models, Neurologic
D009434 Neural Pathways Neural tracts connecting one part of the nervous system with another. Neural Interconnections,Interconnection, Neural,Interconnections, Neural,Neural Interconnection,Neural Pathway,Pathway, Neural,Pathways, Neural
D001921 Brain The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM. Encephalon
D002940 Circadian Rhythm The regular recurrence, in cycles of about 24 hours, of biological processes or activities, such as sensitivity to drugs or environmental and physiological stimuli. Diurnal Rhythm,Nyctohemeral Rhythm,Twenty-Four Hour Rhythm,Nycthemeral Rhythm,Circadian Rhythms,Diurnal Rhythms,Nycthemeral Rhythms,Nyctohemeral Rhythms,Rhythm, Circadian,Rhythm, Diurnal,Rhythm, Nycthemeral,Rhythm, Nyctohemeral,Rhythm, Twenty-Four Hour,Rhythms, Circadian,Rhythms, Diurnal,Rhythms, Nycthemeral,Rhythms, Nyctohemeral,Rhythms, Twenty-Four Hour,Twenty Four Hour Rhythm,Twenty-Four Hour Rhythms
D006801 Humans Members of the species Homo sapiens. Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man
D000818 Animals Unicellular or multicellular, heterotrophic organisms, that have sensation and the power of voluntary movement. Under the older five kingdom paradigm, Animalia was one of the kingdoms. Under the modern three domain model, Animalia represents one of the many groups in the domain EUKARYOTA. Animal,Metazoa,Animalia
D012890 Sleep A readily reversible suspension of sensorimotor interaction with the environment, usually associated with recumbency and immobility. Sleep Habits,Sleeping Habit,Sleeping Habits,Habit, Sleep,Habit, Sleeping,Habits, Sleep,Habits, Sleeping,Sleep Habit
D012894 Sleep Stages Periods of sleep manifested by changes in EEG activity and certain behavioral correlates; they formerly included Stage 1: sleep onset, drowsy sleep; Stage 2: light sleep; Stages 3 and 4: delta sleep, light sleep, deep sleep, telencephalic sleep. In 2007, sleep stages were redefined by The American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) as: N1-N2 (sleep onset - light sleep), N3 (SLOW-WAVE SLEEP), and REM SLEEP. N1-Sleep,N2-Sleep,NREM Stage 1,NREM Stage 2,N1 Sleep,N2 Sleep,Sleep Stage,Stage, Sleep,Stages, Sleep
D014851 Wakefulness A state in which there is an enhanced potential for sensitivity and an efficient responsiveness to external stimuli. Wakefulnesses

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