Biomaterial Database

The exercising heart at altitude. 2009

José A L Calbet, and Paul Robach, and Carsten Lundby

Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain. lopezcalbet@gmail.com

Maximal cardiac output is reduced in severe acute hypoxia but also in chronic hypoxia by mechanisms that remain poorly understood. In theory, the reduction of maximal cardiac output could result from: (1) a regulatory response from the central nervous system, (2) reduction of maximal pumping capacity of the heart due to insufficient coronary oxygen delivery prior to the achievement of the normoxic maximal cardiac output, or (3) reduced central command. In this review, we focus on the effects that acute and chronic hypoxia have on the pumping capacity of the heart, particularly on myocardial contractility and the molecular responses elicited by acute and chronic hypoxia in the cardiac myocytes. Special emphasis is put on the cardioprotective effects of chronic hypoxia.

UI	MeSH Term	Description	Entries
D009200	Myocardial Contraction	Contractile activity of the MYOCARDIUM.	Heart Contractility,Inotropism, Cardiac,Cardiac Inotropism,Cardiac Inotropisms,Contractilities, Heart,Contractility, Heart,Contraction, Myocardial,Contractions, Myocardial,Heart Contractilities,Inotropisms, Cardiac,Myocardial Contractions
D006321	Heart	The hollow, muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood.	Hearts
D006801	Humans	Members of the species Homo sapiens.	Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man
D000222	Adaptation, Physiological	The non-genetic biological changes of an organism in response to challenges in its ENVIRONMENT.	Adaptation, Physiologic,Adaptations, Physiologic,Adaptations, Physiological,Adaptive Plasticity,Phenotypic Plasticity,Physiological Adaptation,Physiologic Adaptation,Physiologic Adaptations,Physiological Adaptations,Plasticity, Adaptive,Plasticity, Phenotypic
D000531	Altitude	A vertical distance measured from a known level on the surface of a planet or other celestial body.	Altitudes
D000818	Animals	Unicellular or multicellular, heterotrophic organisms, that have sensation and the power of voluntary movement. Under the older five kingdom paradigm, Animalia was one of the kingdoms. Under the modern three domain model, Animalia represents one of the many groups in the domain EUKARYOTA.	Animal,Metazoa,Animalia
D000860	Hypoxia	Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	Anoxia,Oxygen Deficiency,Anoxemia,Deficiency, Oxygen,Hypoxemia,Deficiencies, Oxygen,Oxygen Deficiencies
D015428	Myocardial Reperfusion Injury	Damage to the MYOCARDIUM resulting from MYOCARDIAL REPERFUSION (restoration of blood flow to ischemic areas of the HEART.) Reperfusion takes place when there is spontaneous thrombolysis, THROMBOLYTIC THERAPY, collateral flow from other coronary vascular beds, or reversal of vasospasm.	Reperfusion Injury, Myocardial,Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion,Myocardial Ischemic Reperfusion Injury,Injuries, Myocardial Reperfusion,Myocardial Reperfusion Injuries,Reperfusion Injuries, Myocardial
D015444	Exercise	Physical activity which is usually regular and done with the intention of improving or maintaining PHYSICAL FITNESS or HEALTH. Contrast with PHYSICAL EXERTION which is concerned largely with the physiologic and metabolic response to energy expenditure.	Aerobic Exercise,Exercise, Aerobic,Exercise, Isometric,Exercise, Physical,Isometric Exercise,Physical Activity,Acute Exercise,Exercise Training,Activities, Physical,Activity, Physical,Acute Exercises,Aerobic Exercises,Exercise Trainings,Exercise, Acute,Exercises,Exercises, Acute,Exercises, Aerobic,Exercises, Isometric,Exercises, Physical,Isometric Exercises,Physical Activities,Physical Exercise,Physical Exercises,Training, Exercise,Trainings, Exercise
D019610	Cytoprotection	The process by which chemical compounds provide protection to cells against harmful agents.	Cell Protection,Protection, Cell